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Bhupendra Thapa

Understanding Economic Inequality: Causes and Solutions

African Studies and Research Forum Series

This monograph offers an in-depth analysis of how people in Sierra Leone sustain their lives amidst fragile political, social, and economic conditions. Written with both academics and policymakers in mind, it blends theoretical frameworks such as Sen's Capability Approach and the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework with empirical data from Sierra Leone to explain the realities of everyday survival. In doing so, it introduces the Livelihood System Integrated Model (LSIM), a novel analytical contribution that demonstrates how the concerted efforts of an entire system—spanning households, communities, markets, and institutions—can collectively support a more coordinated and resilient livelihood architecture. LSIM provides readers with a fresh lens through which to understand the dynamic interactions that shape livelihood outcomes, thereby enriching existing knowledge and offering a practical pathway for strengthening Sierra Leone’s development planning.
Chapters address the dominance of informality in the economy, the challenges of poverty, inequality, and climate change, and the structural weaknesses in governance, education, and healthcare. These are not abstract concerns but lived realities that directly affect resilience, food security, and the prospects of inclusive growth. By situating these issues within the LSIM framework, the book shows how systemic coordination—rather than isolated interventions—can enhance the effectiveness of livelihood strategies and improve long-term developmental prospects.
By exploring key themes such as globalisation, gender inequality, social capital, and the critical role of education and policy reform, the book sets out to solve the pressing problem of how fragile states can transform livelihood systems into sustainable pathways for development. Its central argument is that Sierra Leone’s future prosperity depends on recognising and strengthening informal and diverse livelihood strategies, while simultaneously reforming institutions, investing in human capital, and adopting inclusive, climate-smart policies. The LSIM approach reinforces this argument by illustrating how integrated, system-wide efforts can generate more coherent and sustainable outcomes than fragmented policy responses.
As such, this volume will be of interest to researchers and students in development economics and African studies, as well as policymakers, researchers, and practitioners working on livelihoods, poverty reduction, and inclusive growth in fragile and low-income economies.

This monograph offers an in-depth analysis of how people in Sierra Leone sustain their lives amidst fragile political, social, and economic conditions. Written with both academics and policymakers in mind, it blends theoretical frameworks such as Sen's Capability Approach and the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework with empirical data from Sierra Leone to explain the realities of everyday survival. In doing so, it introduces the Livelihood System Integrated Model (LSIM), a novel analytical contribution that demonstrates how the concerted efforts of an entire system—spanning households, communities, markets, and institutions—can collectively support a more coordinated and resilient livelihood architecture. LSIM provides readers with a fresh lens through which to understand the dynamic interactions that shape livelihood outcomes, thereby enriching existing knowledge and offering a practical pathway for strengthening Sierra Leone’s development planning.Chapters address the dominance of informality in the economy, the challenges of poverty, inequality, and climate change, and the structural weaknesses in governance, education, and healthcare. These are not abstract concerns but lived realities that directly affect resilience, food security, and the prospects of inclusive growth. By situating these issues within the LSIM framework, the book shows how systemic coordination—rather than isolated interventions—can enhance the effectiveness of livelihood strategies and improve long-term developmental prospects.By exploring key themes such as globalisation, gender inequality, social capital, and the critical role of education and policy reform, the book sets out to solve the pressing problem of how fragile states can transform livelihood systems into sustainable pathways for development. Its central argument is that Sierra Leone’s future prosperity depends on recognising and strengthening informal and diverse livelihood strategies, while simultaneously reforming institutions, investing in human capital, and adopting inclusive, climate-smart policies. The LSIM approach reinforces this argument by illustrating how integrated, system-wide efforts can generate more coherent and sustainable outcomes than fragmented policy responses.As such, this volume will be of interest to researchers and students in development economics and African studies, as well as policymakers, researchers, and practitioners working on livelihoods, poverty reduction, and inclusive growth in fragile and low-income economies.

A Policy and Academic Perspective

The Economics of Livelihoods in Sierra Leone

The Untold Story of Money’s Last Democratic Instrument

The Right to Cash

Palgrave Studies in Impact Finance

“I am delighted to see this&nbsp;elaborate and comprehensive new book on financial&nbsp;inclusion in India by Shika Saravanabhavan and&nbsp;Meenakshi Rajeev. Financial inclusion has always been a critical issue in India's development process. Students, teachers, researchers and policy experts would be immensely benefited&nbsp;by this contribution, amply rich in&nbsp;evidence and analyses.”
--Sugata Marjit, Former Vice - Chancellor, Calcutta University, India. Former Director and RBI Chair Professor , CSSSC, Kolkata, India
&nbsp;
“Much has been written about financial inclusion in the Indian context. The Jan Dhan–Aadhaar–Mobile (JAM) trinity has brought about a transformative structural shift in this space, necessitating a holistic and comprehensive reassessment. This volume undertakes precisely that task, making it a significant and timely contribution to the literature on financial inclusion in India.”
--N R Bhanumurthy, Director, Madras School of Economics, India. Former Vice Chancellor, DR B R Ambedkar School of Economics, Bengaluru, India
This book provides a comprehensive analysis of financial inclusion in India, blending empirical analysis with policy evaluation. It showcases the remarkable progress achieved through various financial inclusion initiatives in India, most notably through the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), while also addressing the challenges that persist. Drawing on unit-level data from multiple rounds of the NSSO-Debt and Investment Survey, the book offers a rigorous assessment of four core components of financial inclusion: savings, credit, insurance, and remittances. This analysis is further enriched by data from the Reserve Bank of India and the Global Findex, providing a well-rounded analysis.&nbsp; By offering nuanced insights into India’s financial inclusion journey, this work serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, researchers, development practitioners, and students working in the domain of financial inclusion.
Shika Saravanabhavan is currently a Research Associate at the Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), Bengaluru, India.
Meenakshi Rajeev is currently Professor of Economics at the Indian Institute of Technology, Jammu and Institute for Social and economic Change, Bengaluru, India.

This book provides a comprehensive analysis of financial inclusion in India, blending empirical analysis with policy evaluation. It showcases the remarkable progress achieved through various financial inclusion initiatives in India, most notably through the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), while also addressing the challenges that persist. Drawing on unit-level data from multiple rounds of the NSSO-Debt and Investment Survey, the book offers a rigorous assessment of four core components of financial inclusion: savings, credit, insurance, and remittances. This analysis is further enriched by data from the Reserve Bank of India and the Global Findex, providing a well-rounded analysis. By offering nuanced insights into India’s financial inclusion journey, this work serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, researchers, development practitioners, and students working in the domain of financial inclusion.

India’s Financial Inclusion Journey

Moving Beyond Barriers

This book investigates the policy choices and institutional frameworks that powered South Korea’s remarkable transformation from postwar poverty to a global economic powerhouse, while confronting the mounting structural challenges that now threaten its sustainability. It identifies ten key factors behind Korea’s rapid growth from the 1960s to the 1990s and examines pressing socioeconomic issues, including population aging, declining fertility, high suicide rates, political and economic polarization, early retirement, youth unemployment, and the expansion of private education. The book also analyzes deep inequalities within Korea’s labor market, such as persistent gender wage gaps, disparities between large conglomerates and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the divide between regular and non-regular employment, and the heavy reliance on self-employment. Finally, it addresses critical economic policy challenges, including rising household debt, real estate bubbles, minimum wage debates, inflation, an underdeveloped service sector, an undervalued stock market, inefficiencies in public enterprises and mutual financial cooperatives, a lagging tourism industry, the search for new growth engines, carbon neutrality commitments, and an outdated tax system. Offering fresh insights and concrete policy recommendations, the book highlights both the achievements and the vulnerabilities of Korea’s economic model.Se-Young Bae
 is Professor Emeritus of Finance at Konyang University in Nonsan, South Korea, and earned his B.A. from the George Washington University and his M.A. and Ph.D. in Economics from the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. His research focuses on productivity and efficiency measurement, labor market dynamics, and empirical analyses of causality and correlation across various industries and countries. He has received the Best Teaching Award three times and served as Dean of the College of Business and Public Administration at Konyang University.

This book investigates the policy choices and institutional frameworks that powered South Korea’s remarkable transformation from postwar poverty to a global economic powerhouse, while confronting the mounting structural challenges that now threaten its sustainability. It identifies ten key factors behind Korea’s rapid growth from the 1960s to the 1990s and examines pressing socioeconomic issues, including population aging, declining fertility, high suicide rates, political and economic polarization, early retirement, youth unemployment, and the expansion of private education. The book also analyzes deep inequalities within Korea’s labor market, such as persistent gender wage gaps, disparities between large conglomerates and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the divide between regular and non-regular employment, and the heavy reliance on self-employment. Finally, it addresses critical economic policy challenges, including rising household debt, real estate bubbles, minimum wage debates, inflation, an underdeveloped service sector, an undervalued stock market, inefficiencies in public enterprises and mutual financial cooperatives, a lagging tourism industry, the search for new growth engines, carbon neutrality commitments, and an outdated tax system. Offering fresh insights and concrete policy recommendations, the book highlights both the achievements and the vulnerabilities of Korea’s economic model.

South Korea’s Dilemma: Prosperity, Inequality, and the Road Ahead

*** THE&nbsp;NEW YORK TIMES&nbsp;BESTSELLER *** Chosen as a book of the year by the New Yorker,&nbsp;Financial Times,&nbsp;The Times&nbsp;and&nbsp;Sunday Times.'A field guide to the super-rich . . . a hoot to chronicle - and even more fun to read'&nbsp;Sunday Times&nbsp;The one percent now hold more of America's wealth than they did in the heyday of the Carnegies and Rockefellers, and their habits cast a longer shadow than ever before. With deft storytelling and meticulous reporting, Evan Osnos exposes the hidden world of the ultrarich in all its outrageous, fabulous, ridiculous detail: superyachts, luxury bunkers, private gigs, wealth managers, elite tax dodges and a torrent of political donations.Osnos's essays are an entertaining, unsettling and eye-opening wake-up call - a case against complacency in the face of unchecked excess and staggering disparities of wealth and power. As the choices of the ultrarich ripple through our lives, The Haves and Have-Yachts&nbsp;couldn't be more relevant to today's world. 'A prestige romp'&nbsp;New York Times&nbsp;'Superb'&nbsp;Literary Review&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'Charming'&nbsp;Washington Post&nbsp;'Important'&nbsp;Irish Times'Entertaining and unsettling'&nbsp;Financial Times

Dispatches on the Ultrarich

The Haves and Have-Yachts

THE SUNDAY TIMES BESTSELLER'The most important economist in the world today' GARY STEVENSON'Read it, share it and let's get on with it' RUTGER BREGMAN'Zucman knows more about billionaires and their wealth than anyone but the billionaires themselves' OLIVER BULLOUGH 'Powerful' MARTIN WOLF, FINANCIAL TIMESWhy do billionaires pay less tax than you?Billionaires often pay a lower income tax rate than nurses, teachers and almost everyone else - sometimes close to zero. This isn't tax evasion, it's the system.In this explosive manifesto, Gabriel Zucman - the economist revolutionising the study of inequality - reveals how the ultra-rich dodge billions using havens, loopholes and political influence, while public services are breaking.Until we understand the hidden rules that protect extreme wealth, inequality will keep rising and democracy will keep losing. This game-changing book finally shows us how making the ultra-rich pay their fair share is possible, and why now is the moment. 'Builds the case that the world needs' ABHIJIT BANERJEE AND ESTHER DUFLO 'Billionaires have . . . finally met their match in Gabriel Zucman' ABIGAIL DISNEY

"The most important economist in the world today"

We Need to Tax Billionaires

This book provides a unique, execution-oriented institutional architecture for banking that unifies hybrid delivery, governance, trust, inclusion, and operational discipline within a single, coherent framework, with application to retail banking systems operating at scale.Digital transformation, regulatory pressure, shifting customer expectations, and rising inclusion mandates have fundamentally altered how banking financial institutions must be designed, governed, and operated. Yet much of the existing literature treats retail banking as a technology or channel problem, rather than as a complex institutional system that must function reliably at scale. Drawing on decades of real-world banking experience across multiple geographies, this book examines how retail institutions can be deliberately designed to balance execution, trust, inclusion, resilience, and long-term sustainability. Global in perspective and grounded in execution, it serves as a reference work for those responsible for shaping the future design of modern banking institutions.The Future of Retail Banking provides senior leaders, regulators, policymakers, and practitioners with a practical lens for navigating hybrid operating models, open finance ecosystems, ESG responsibilities, and long-term institutional resilience.

Institutional Architecture, Governance, and Operations

The Future of Retail Banking

'Fearless and inspirational, intellectual and visionary, and rooted in a reality that will help us transform ourselves and society' Derek Bardowell, author of No Win Race and Giving Back 

'Nani Jansen Reventlow is a force in human rights law, but most importantly, she cares. The more of us who have this book in our hands, the more equipped we will be to usher in a new world that is fair and just for all' Nova Reid, author of The Good Ally 

Our society is breaking down. Fascists are winning elections, economic inequality is rampant, and the climate crisis is at its tipping point. It feels like the amount of work needed to overcome these social and racial injustices is too much to handle.

In Radical Justice, international human rights lawyer Nani Jansen Reventlow presents new and exciting ways to build a fundamentally different future with our own hands.

Taking inspiration from the deep well of anti-racist and social activist writers such as Olúf¿¿mi O. Táíwò and Angela Davis, each chapter offers tips on how to learn, reflect and act in a society where we are told that we are powerless. Including advice on strategic litigation, reclaiming our digital rights, reparations demands, climate activism and much more, the information in these pages is indispensable to the struggle for radical justice.

Nani Jansen Reventlow is an international human rights lawyer. She is the founder of Systemic Justice, which advocates for marginalised communities through strategic litigation. Politico named her one of society's great visionary tech leaders for her work on digital human rights. She has also been presented with awards from Harvard, Oxford and Columbia Universities.

Building the World We Need

Radical Justice

Financial Inclusion and Womens' Empowerment in the Global South examines how expanding women’s access to savings, credit, insurance, and digital financial services can drive economic growth, reduce poverty, and advance gender equity. Despite progress, women across developing regions remain disproportionately excluded from formal financial systems due to structural inequalities, restrictive norms, and institutional barriers. Drawing on diverse case studies from Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and beyond, this volume offers an intersectional analysis of what works, for whom, and under what conditions.Emerging from the G20 Conference on Financial Inclusion and Women’s Empowerment under South Africa’s Presidency, the book bridges research, policy, and practice. Organized around themes including women’s entrepreneurship, financial literacy, green economy participation, and regulatory reform, it provides actionable insights for scholars, policymakers, and development practitioners committed to building inclusive financial ecosystems and advancing sustainable development.

Financial Inclusion and Womens’ Empowerment in the Global South

From the bestselling, National Book Award finalist, author of Strangers in Their Own Land, an intimate glimpse into the cultural factors that gave rise to the right in one of our country’s most overlooked regions—Appalachia, with a new afterword by the author For all the attempts to understand the state of American politics and the blue/red divide, we’ve ignored one critical question: what can economic and cultural loss do to pride? What happens, Arlie Russell Hochschild asks, in a work called “one of the year’s most important books” by Counterpunch, when the people of a hard-hit, long-ignored, region are grappling with a loss of pride while being confronted with a powerful political appeal—one that makes it feel “stolen”?

Hochschild’s research drew her to Pikeville, Kentucky, in the heart of Appalachia, within the whitest and second-poorest congressional district in the nation, where the city is reeling: coal jobs have left, crushing poverty persists, and a deadly drug crisis has struck the region. Although Pikeville was in the political center thirty years ago, by 2016, 80 percent of the district’s population voted for Donald Trump.

Hochschild, “a curious and skilled listener” (Financial Times), focuses on a group swept up in the shifting political landscape: blue-collar men. In small churches, hillside hollers, roadside diners, trailer parks, and Narcotics Anonymous meetings, she introduces us to unforgettable people, and offers an original lens through which to see them and the wider world.

Loss, Shame, and the Rise of the Right

Stolen Pride

Introduces a data-driven framework for measuring governance through a fourteen-component Macro-Governance Index, demonstrating its strong predictive power for national development outcomes and offering practical tools to diagnose governance gaps and guide policy interventions.
Every year, governments borrow trillions, spend billions on development programs, and publish volumes of economic statistics-yet no widely accepted framework exists for answering a deceptively simple question: is governance actually working? Traditional approaches rely on subjective expert assessments or narrowly focused indices that measure inputs rather than outcomes. Macro-Governance Theory proposes that governance can be measured with the same empirical rigor we bring to medicine, engineering, and economics-and that doing so is essential if citizens and policymakers are to hold institutions accountable for results. 

Drawing on 26 years of publicly available data across 170 countries, the book constructs the Macro-Governance Index (MGI)-a fourteen-component composite spanning infrastructure, connectivity, financial inclusion, human capital, security, institutional quality, and economic integration. The MGI correlates with the UN Human Development Index at r = 0.97, and this relationship is not driven by income alone: controlling for GNI, the framework retains substantial independent predictive power, confirming that governance infrastructure-not just wealth-determines whether nations deliver well-being to their citizens. 

The book reveals patterns that conventional measures miss. Novel metrics for credit access and household-level financial reach show that the effective economic gap between the Global North and Sub-Saharan Africa is approximately 70× rather than the 53× that standard income comparisons suggest-a hidden disparity with profound implications for development policy. A governance simulation framework models how investments in one dimension cascade through others, enabling policymakers to identify the highest-leverage interventions for their country's specific development stage. 

Seven detailed case studies-Singapore, Rwanda, Estonia, Botswana, Chile, Costa Rica, and Lebanon-demonstrate how the framework diagnoses governance strengths and weaknesses in practice. An analysis of the ten fastest-rising nations reveals that while successful governance strategies differ radically across political systems, they share common patterns in infrastructure sequencing and institutional development that the MGI captures and quantifies. 

Designed for dual utility, the book serves as an analytical framework for researchers and policymakers and as an accessible assessment tool for citizens through the companion website grademygovernment.com. A full reproducibility dataset covering all 170 countries across seven benchmark years is included, making this not just an argument for governance science but its working prototype.

A Data-Driven Framework for Measuring and Improving Governance Across Nations

Macro-Governance Theory

Wealth inequality is spiraling. The standard response-demand higher taxes, demonize billionaires, wait for politicians to act-has been failing for decades, and it will keep failing. The reason for this is simple: the ultra wealthy are the most powerful people in the world, and as long as they want to maximize wealth, their net worths will climb ever higher.

The solution?
Make them want something else.

Written from the perspective of a wealthy person who has committed to voluntarily capping his wealth, A Solution to Wealth Inequality challenges conventional wisdom and offers a novel solution to the problem of inequality: persuasion. Instead of treating the wealthy as a foe to be vanquished, the book seeks to understand where our cultural ideas about wealth come from and how we can replace them with better ones. In the process, it makes a series of clear arguments directly to the wealthy that there's a better way to live. It doesn't ask the wealthy to act against their nature or their interests. Instead, it helps them gain a deeper understanding of both and see that they already point toward generosity.


Is this book just for the ultra wealthy?
Not at all, but this question speaks to one of the great challenges of addressing inequality. It's true that solving this problem requires the wealthy to act, but they make up less than 0.1% of the population and very few of them are in the market for a book about why they should give away a large percentage of their money. A book directed solely at them will never be read.

To reach the wealthy, we must first reach the people who care most about addressing inequality-everyone else, in other words. The goal of this book is to spread ideas that get people talking and become impossible to ignore, even for someone with a billion dollars. That's why this book isn't just for the ultra wealthy. It's for anyone ready to change the conversation.

A Solution to Wealth Inequality

Understanding Economic Inequality: Causes and Solutions

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