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Political Science and International Studies (R0)

Bülent Sungur

The Oversight of Outsourcing US Intelligence After 9/11

Private Intelligence Contractors

&lt;p&gt;Chapter 1: Introduction.- Chapter 2: The Evolution of Outsourcing US Intelligence and Intelligence Oversight Mechanisms from the Cold War to 9/11.- Chapter 3: The Mismanagement of Contractors over the Iraqi WMD Issue Background: The Rise of PICs After 9/11.- Chapter 4: PICs and Abu Ghraib.- Chapter 5: The Outsourcing of US Covert Drone Operations.- Chapter 6: Conclusion.&lt;/p&gt;


This book discusses some of the most important issues facing administrative law and related doctrines. Leading public law scholars from across the common law world have contributed chapters to recognise the exceptional scholarship and career of Matthew Groves, Distinguished Professor at Deakin University, Australia. Over the last century, the power of the administrative state has grown immensely and the scope of administrative law as a field of inquiry has grown with it. This collection of essays provides an up-to-date analysis of some of the most important issues in administrative law in the 2020s, including: access to justice issues; the role, purpose and future of ombuds institutions and tribunals; government liability within and beyond judicial review; integrity bodies; 'lawfare'; the role of policies in government decisionmaking; and the tension between military and civilian systems of justice. These topics have been central to the work and career of Matthew Groves. Readers interested in public law - whether practitioners, researchers or students - will discover a wealth of engaging and thought-provoking considerations of the most topical current issues in administrative law by a selection of prominent academics.

Essays in Honour of Matthew Groves

Controlling the Administrative State

This book examines intermediate appellate courts by using the Irish Court of Appeal as a case study. The operation and contribution of intermediate appellate courts are often overlooked in legal scholarship, which tends to focus on apex courts, most frequently national supreme courts. However, intermediate appellate courts perform a series of vital functions, including error prevention, the development of doctrine, and ensuring that apex courts are free to concentrate on issues of exceptional public importance. The significance of intermediate appellate courts has increased in recent decades in tandem with an increase in the volume and complexity of litigation in many countries. The Irish Court of Appeal was established in 2014 and this enables a number of dimensions of non-apex courts to be examined, including the rationales for, and challenges of, inserting such a court into an existing and well-established legal system. Institutional aspects of the court such as the appointment and promotion of its judges and its rules on dissent are analysed. The process of 'setting up court' is described. In addition, its contribution to some areas of substantive law over the first 10 years of its operation is evaluated. Interviews with judges who have served on the Court enrich the book's account of its operation and development. In addition, comparative perspectives from Northern Ireland and England and Wales enhance the analysis of an integral part of many legal systems.

The First Decade of an Intermediate Appellate Court

The Irish Court of Appeal

This book celebrates the life and legacy of one of Ireland's greatest ever jurists - Gerard Hogan. Across his career as an academic, Advocate General at the Court of Justice of the European Union, and judge of the High Court, Court of Appeal, and Supreme Court of Ireland, Gerard Hogan has had a profound influence on public law. He is widely regarded as Ireland's leading legal scholar, particularly in constitutional law, administrative law, and EU law. The volume in his honour focuses on the central role of courts in public law. It examines how courts shape constitutional systems, interpret legislation, hold public authorities accountable, and protect rights, while maintaining the balance between the executive, legislature, and citizens. Drawing on themes developed in his scholarship, opinions, and judgments, the book addresses issues such as judicial review, constitutional oversight, the rule of law, and the relationship between judicial independence, public confidence, democracy, and accountability. It also considers comparative and global perspectives on how courts perform these functions across different jurisdictions. Reflecting on Gerard Hogan's enduring contributions to debates on judicial review, separation of powers, fundamental rights, and judicial decision-making, the book serves as both a tribute and a lasting scholarly resource. At a time of ongoing constitutional challenges in Ireland and across Europe, it offers a timely reflection on the principles of public law that Gerard Hogan has shaped over several decades, both on and off the bench.

Liber Amicorum in Honour of Gerard Hogan

Public Law and the Centrality of Courts

How tech companies, journalists, and policymakers can prevent AI decision-making from going wrong. Our lives are increasingly governed by automated systems influencing everything from medical care to policing to employment opportunities, but researchers and investigative journalists have proven that AI systems regularly get things wrong. Auditing AI is a first-of-its-kind exploration of why and how to audit artificial intelligence systems. It offers a simple roadmap for using AI audits to make product and policy changes that benefit companies and the public alike. The book aims to convince readers that AI systems should be subject to robust audits to protect all of us from the dangers of these systems. Readers will come away with an understanding of what an AI audit is, why AI audits are important, key components of an audit that follows best practices, how to interpret an audit, and the available choices to act on an audit’s results. The book is organized around canonical examples: from AI-powered drones mistakenly targeting civilians in conflict areas to false arrests triggered by facial recognition systems that misidentified people with dark skin tones to HR hiring software that prefers men. It explains these definitive cases of AI decision-making gone wrong and then highlights specific audits that have led to concrete changes in government policy and corporate practice. The Marquand House Collective: Marc Aidinoff, Lena Armstrong, Esha Bhandari, Ellery Roberts Biddle, Motahhare Eslami, Karrie Karahalios, Nate Matias, Danaé Metaxa, Alondra Nelson, Christian Sandvig, and Kristen Vaccaro.

How tech companies, journalists, and policymakers can prevent AI decision-making from going wrong.

Auditing AI

Art doesn’t change the world directly; yet we persist in wanting it to. This book argues for a different understanding of art. In these urgent times, we need to rethink the purpose and effects of art—for the creator, the audience, the owner. Art is what moves us, and there is more to being moved than meets the eye. Through a series of thought experiments, Metahaven shows that art exists in the space between the image formed by the artist and the cognitive effort required to complete it. Art therefore is a question of perception. But what is the future of that space between image and interpretation when attention itself is collapsing? The Hard Question of Art examines the many ways that art engages perception. Exploring cognition, empathy, complexity, and physics, Metahaven ask whether our capacity to perceive art anew can withstand the pressures of our times. Does beauty matter? Does art have a moral purpose? Is art a game or puzzle that AI will transform? Is the murmuration of starlings a form of art? As our age asks us to feel and understand more at the same time, what are the cognitive futures of art?

Cognitive Futures

The Hard Question of Art

Victor Li

The Rejection of John J. Parker and the Birth of the Modern Supreme Court Confirmation Process

Supreme Pressure

How States Can Counter Authoritarianism

Fight Back

Die drohende Klimakatastrophe ist für Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft und Politik die Herausforderung des 21. Jahrhunderts. Auch das Recht hat sich der Lösung dieser Überlebensfrage der Menschheit zu stellen. Während das Klimaschutzrecht die Schonung der lebensnotwendigen Atmosphäre regelt, geht es im Klimawandelfolgerecht um die Anpassung. Der Band bietet erstmals eine aktuelle Darstellung aller Bereiche und Instrumente des neuen Rechtsgebiets, er ermöglicht Lesern ein eigenständiges Urteil und leistet damit einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Klimadiskussion.

Die drohende globale Klimakatastrophe ist die wissenschaftlich-technische und wirtschaftlich-politische Herausforderung im 21. Jahrhundert. Auch das Recht hat sich der Lösung dieser Überlebensfrage der Menschheit zu stellen.Wohlgeordnetes Klima-Recht als regulative Idee ist als Gebot der Vorkehrung, Vorsorge und Verantwortung Teil der Lösung des Klimaproblems. Während das Klimaschutzrecht den Rechtsrahmen zum ganzheitlichen Schutz oder zumindest zur Schonung der lebensnotwendigen Atmosphäre umschließt, geht es im Klimawandelfolgerecht um die Anpassung. Der Bogen wird dabei vom Energierecht einschließlich erneuerbarer Energien über das Umwelt- und Agrarrecht bis hin zum Welthandels- und Umweltvölkerrecht gespannt. Die Einführung gibt erstmalig einen aktuellen Überblick, klärt Bereiche, Ebenen und Instrumente des neuen Rechtsgebietes, ermöglicht ein eigenständiges Urteil und leistet damit einen wichtigen Beitrag zur aktuellen Klimadiskussion.

Klimaschutz durch wohlgeordnetes Recht?

Einführung in das Klimaschutzrecht

Nitesh Kumar

A Critical Analysis of the Existing Legal Frameworks Governing Artificial Intelligence in Cyber Warfare

A complete guide to deep neural networks – the technology behind AI – covering fundamental and advanced techniques to apply machine learning in real-world scenarios. Deep Learning Crash Course goes beyond the basics of machine learning to delve into modern techniques and applications of great interest right now, and whose popularity will only grow in the future. The book covers topics such as generative models (the technology behind deep fakes), self-supervised learning, attention mechanisms (the tech behind ChatGPT), graph neural networks (the tech behind AlphaFold), and deep reinforcement learning (the tech behind AlphaGo). This book bridges the gap between theory and practice, helping readers gain the confidence to apply deep learning in their work.

Build AI Models from Scratch (No PhD Required) Deep Learning Crash Course is a fast-paced, thorough introduction that will have you building today’s most powerful AI models from scratch. No experience with deep learning required! Designed for programmers who may be new to deep learning, this book offers practical, hands-on experience, not just an abstract understanding of theory. You’ll start from the basics, and using PyTorch with real datasets, you’ll quickly progress from your first neural network to advanced architectures like convolutional neural networks (CNNs), transformers, diffusion models, and graph neural networks (GNNs). Each project can be run on your own hardware or in the cloud, with annotated code available on GitHub. You’ll build and train models to:&nbsp; <ul><li>Classify and analyze images, sequences, and time series</li><li>Generate and transform data with autoencoders, GANs (generative adversarial networks), and diffusion models</li><li>Process natural language with recurrent neural networks and transformers</li><li>Model molecules and physical systems with graph neural networks</li><li>Improve continuously through reinforcement and active learning</li><li>Predict chaotic systems with reservoir computing</li></ul> Whether you’re an engineer, scientist, or professional developer, you’ll gain fluency in deep learning and the confidence to apply it to ambitious, real-world problems. With Deep Learning Crash Course, you’ll move from using AI tools to creating them.

Deep Learning Crash Course

SpringerBriefs in Law

This book examines how Brazil’s LGPD and comparative regimes manage the clash between transparency and secrecy in the personal data economy. It shows how trade secrets are routinely invoked to expand algorithmic opacity, limiting explainability to data subjects and regulators (ANPD). Beginning with today’s obstacles to data protection and transparency, the book maps the legal and technical frictions that undermine accountability, DPIA practice, data portability, and security‑incident notification.Brazil is one of the world’s most connected markets, with 183 million internet users (86.2% penetration), 144 million social‑media user identities (67.8% of the population), and 217 million mobile connections (102% of population) at the start of 2025. These scale effects make Brazil a bellwether for platform governance and data‑rights enforcement. Brazilians also rank among the top global users by time online (≈ 9h09 per day) and lead global time spent on social media (≈ 3h49 per day)—a usage profile that amplifies the societal impact of automated decision‑making and content curation. On the access side, 93.6% of households had Internet in 2024, underscoring mass exposure to data‑driven services. In payments, Pix has made Brazil a world leader in real‑time payments (second globally with 37.4 billion instant transactions in 2023), while Open Finance already counts 57.5 million consenting users—both ecosystems hinge on lawful data sharing and explainability.Against this backdrop, the book argues that the legal framing of core assets—databases, personal data, and algorithms—is a strategic (not neutral) choice: controllers often classify them as trade secrets to restrict scrutiny of automated decision‑making (e.g., credit scoring) and public‑sector AI, producing a “legal black box” that distances both individuals and authorities from meaningful oversight. To counter this, the book proposes an interpretation of the LGPD that recalibrates the scope of confidentiality, sets sector‑specific disclosure baselines for ADM, and defines proportional safeguards for when authorities may access protected information. By prioritizing the fundamental right to data protection, it offers concrete pathways to balance intellectual‑property interests with algorithmic transparency, preventing secrecy from creating new barriers to rights, regulation, and democratic accountability.

This book examines how Brazil’s LGPD and comparative regimes manage the clash between transparency and secrecy in the personal data economy. It shows how trade secrets are routinely invoked to expand algorithmic opacity, limiting explainability to data subjects and regulators (ANPD). Beginning with today’s obstacles to data protection and transparency, the book maps the legal and technical frictions that undermine accountability, DPIA practice, data portability, and security‑incident notification.Brazil is one of the world’s most connected markets, with 183 million internet users (86.2% penetration), 144 million social‑media user identities (67.8% of the population), and 217 million mobile connections (102% of population) at the start of 2025. These scale effects make Brazil a bellwether for platform governance and data‑rights enforcement. Brazilians also rank among the top global users by time online (≈ 9h09 per day) and lead global time spent on social media (≈ 3h49 per day)—a usage profile that amplifies the societal impact of automated decision‑making and content curation. On the access side, 93.6% of households had Internet in 2024, underscoring mass exposure to data‑driven services. In payments, Pix has made Brazil a world leader in real‑time payments (second globally with 37.4 billion instant transactions in 2023), while Open Finance already counts 57.5 million consenting users—both ecosystems hinge on lawful data sharing and explainability.Against this backdrop, the book argues that the legal framing of core assets—databases, personal data, and algorithms—is a strategic (not neutral) choice: controllers often classify them as trade secrets to restrict scrutiny of automated decision‑making (e.g., credit scoring) and public‑sector AI, producing a “legal black box” that distances both individuals and authorities from meaningful oversight. To counter this, the book proposes an interpretation of the LGPD that recalibrates the scope of confidentiality, sets sector‑specific disclosure baselines for ADM, and defines proportional safeguards for when authorities may access protected information. By prioritizing the fundamental right to data protection, it offers concrete pathways to balance intellectual‑property interests with algorithmic transparency, preventing secrecy from creating new barriers to rights, regulation, and democratic accountability.

The Oversight of Outsourcing US Intelligence After 9/11

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