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History (R0)

Steven Sanders

The Eighteenth-Century London Upholder

A New Domestic Commerce

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"&gt;Chapter 1: Introduction.- Chapter 2: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"&gt;Upholders and Funeral Undertaking in London.- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"&gt;Chapter 3: Upholders as Appraisers, Brokers, and Auctioneers.- Chapter 4: Case Study of Robert Williams.- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"&gt;Chapter 5: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"&gt;Case Study of John Trotter.- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"&gt;Chapter 6: Conclusions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Evidence and New Approaches

Development Financing in Africa

Der Mensch hat sich so entwickelt, dass er Arbeit als etwas angenehmes empfindet, und während der ersten 98 % seiner Geschichte wurde Arbeit häufig sogar mit Spiel verglichen. Die heute verbreiteten negativen Vorstellungen von "Arbeit" gehen auf die extreme Ungleichheit und Ausbeutung zurück, die mit der Entstehung staatlicher Herrschaft vor rund 5.500 Jahren einhergingen. Deshalb betrachten viele Menschen Arbeit inzwischen vor allem als Mittel zum Einkommenserwerb und damit zum Konsum, statt als Quelle von Kreativität, Gemeinschaft und Selbstverwirklichung. In Warum wir arbeiten müssen greift Jon D. Wisman auf Erkenntnisse aus Ökonomie, Philosophie, Evolutionspsychologie, Sozialanthropologie und Geschichtswissenschaft zurück, um zu untersuchen, wie Arbeit im Verlauf der Menschheitsgeschichte erlebt und verstanden wurde. Mit Blick auf die Gegenwart weist er auf die Absurdität hin, dass trotz eines beispiellosen Wohlstands manche Menschen arbeitslos sind und die meisten Beschäftigten an ihrem Arbeitsplatz keine echte Freiheit genießen, sondern fremdbestimmt werden. Ebenso widersinnig ist angesichts des vorhandenen Reichtums die extreme Ungleichheit, die weitverbreitete Unsicherheit, Stress und Zukunftspessimismus hervorbringt. Die Laissez-faire-Ideologie rechtfertigt jene politischen Entscheidungen, die diese Ungleichheit und Arbeitsbedingungen hervorbringen, und stellt immer höheren Konsum statt sinnvoller Arbeit als Weg zu mehr Glück dar. Wisman entwirft eine überzeugende Alternative für die Zukunft, die auf zwei Reformen basiert, um Arbeit wieder erfüllend zu machen: eine Beschäftigungsgarantie und Demokratie am Arbeitsplatz. Eine Beschäftigungsgarantie würde Sicherheit schaffen, Armut beseitigen und allen Menschen die gesellschaftliche Anerkennung und Selbstachtung ermöglichen, die mit einer produktiven Rolle in der Gesellschaft einhergehen. Maßnahmen zur Förderung von Eigentum und Mitbestimmung der Beschäftigten in ihren Unternehmen würden Freiheit und Demokratie an den Arbeitsplatz bringen. Beide Reformen stehen im Einklang mit grundlegenden gesellschaftlichen Werten und bewahren zugleich die zwei zentralen Institutionen des Kapitalismus: Privateigentum und Märkte.

Der Mensch hat sich so entwickelt, dass er Arbeit als etwas angenehmes empfindet, und während der ersten 98 % seiner Geschichte wurde Arbeit häufig sogar mit Spiel verglichen. Die heute verbreiteten negativen Vorstellungen von „Arbeit“ gehen auf die extreme Ungleichheit und Ausbeutung zurück, die mit der Entstehung staatlicher Herrschaft vor rund 5.500 Jahren einhergingen. Deshalb betrachten viele Menschen Arbeit inzwischen vor allem als Mittel zum Einkommenserwerb und damit zum Konsum, statt als Quelle von Kreativität, Gemeinschaft und Selbstverwirklichung. 
 In Warum wir arbeiten müssen greift Jon D. Wisman auf Erkenntnisse aus Ökonomie, Philosophie, Evolutionspsychologie, Sozialanthropologie und Geschichtswissenschaft zurück, um zu untersuchen, wie Arbeit im Verlauf der Menschheitsgeschichte erlebt und verstanden wurde. Mit Blick auf die Gegenwart weist er auf die Absurdität hin, dass trotz eines beispiellosen Wohlstands manche Menschen arbeitslos sind und die meisten Beschäftigten an ihrem Arbeitsplatz keine echte Freiheit genießen, sondern fremdbestimmt werden. Ebenso widersinnig ist angesichts des vorhandenen Reichtums die extreme Ungleichheit, die weitverbreitete Unsicherheit, Stress und Zukunftspessimismus hervorbringt. Die Laissez-faire-Ideologie rechtfertigt jene politischen Entscheidungen, die diese Ungleichheit und Arbeitsbedingungen hervorbringen, und stellt immer höheren Konsum statt sinnvoller Arbeit als Weg zu mehr Glück dar.
 
 Wisman entwirft eine überzeugende Alternative für die Zukunft, die auf zwei Reformen basiert, um Arbeit wieder erfüllend zu machen: eine Beschäftigungsgarantie und Demokratie am Arbeitsplatz. Eine Beschäftigungsgarantie würde Sicherheit schaffen, Armut beseitigen und allen Menschen die gesellschaftliche Anerkennung und Selbstachtung ermöglichen, die mit einer produktiven Rolle in der Gesellschaft einhergehen. Maßnahmen zur Förderung von Eigentum und Mitbestimmung der Beschäftigten in ihren Unternehmen würden Freiheit und Demokratie an den Arbeitsplatz bringen. Beide Reformen stehen im Einklang mit grundlegenden gesellschaftlichen Werten und bewahren zugleich die zwei zentralen Institutionen des Kapitalismus: Privateigentum und Märkte.

Wirtschaftliche Freiheit, erfüllende Arbeit und Demokratie am Arbeitsplatz

Warum wir arbeiten müssen

Many people remain unaware of the scale and urgency of Africa’s food crisis, in part because current
 
 policies fail to capture its full complexity. This crisis is shaped by a tangled web of natural and human-
 
 made factors, and without a comprehensive, systems-level approach, meaningful solutions remain out
 
 of reach. Tackling this involves concentrated policies that go beyond technical fixes—it demands
 
 coordinated efforts that bridge sectors, disciplines, and national borders.
 
 Using the metaphor of the Gordian Knot to underscore just how intricate and entrenched the problem
 
 has become, this book examines environmental and climatic challenges. The first section of the book
 
 includes chapters dealing with the natural factors for the crisis, and the second section will encompass
 
 chapters addressing human-made factors, such as political, economic, and social drivers. Each chapter
 
 includes targeted policy recommendations grounded in current research.
 
 Weaving together interdisciplinary research and analysis, the book offers actionable insights and
 
 opportunities to address the manmade and environmental problems, furthering the food crisis in Africa
 
 today.
 Judith Irene Nagasha
 is a Senior Lecturer at Kyambogo University in Uganda. Equipped with a PhD in gender and climate change, she is the lead collaborator for the translating science into policy and practice Agrifose 2030 project for young researchers in Africa, supported by the Swedish International Development Agency. Nagasha is spearheading the milk and fisheries value chain and marketing systems projects in Uganda. Her research focuses on the gender perspectives in food security, climate change, and indigenous knowledge.
 Abdul Karim Bangura
 is the putative dean and senior mentor of the CODESRIA College of Mentors Institute. He has 5 PhDs in the following fields: development economics, political science, linguistics, computer science, and mathematics. Bangura is the innovator of more than a dozen theories and research methodologies.

Many people remain unaware of the scale and urgency of Africa’s food crisis, in part because current
 
 policies fail to capture its full complexity. This crisis is shaped by a tangled web of natural and human-
 
 made factors, and without a comprehensive, systems-level approach, meaningful solutions remain out
 
 of reach. Tackling this involves concentrated policies that go beyond technical fixes—it demands
 
 coordinated efforts that bridge sectors, disciplines, and national borders.
 
 Using the metaphor of the Gordian Knot to underscore just how intricate and entrenched the problem
 
 has become, this book examines environmental and climatic challenges. The first section of the book
 
 includes chapters dealing with the natural factors for the crisis, and the second section will encompass
 
 chapters addressing human-made factors, such as political, economic, and social drivers. Each chapter
 
 includes targeted policy recommendations grounded in current research.
 
 Weaving together interdisciplinary research and analysis, the book offers actionable insights and
 
 opportunities to address the manmade and environmental problems, furthering the food crisis in Africa
 
 today.

A Twenty-First Century Gordian Knot

Socioeconomic Effects of the Food Crisis in Africa

The Second Republic is a comprehensive institutional blueprint for India's transition into a developed economy (Viksit Bharat) by 2047. In this book, Ghani, a former World Bank economist and a prominent voice in Indian developmental economics, moves beyond traditional policy debates to focus on the State capacity engine, with his most compelling diagnostic being the two-engine trap. Since the 1991 reforms, India has developed a high-performance private sector engine; however, this is tethered to an obsolete state engine, characterized by nineteenth-century colonial structures and twentieth-century socialist bureaucracy. To address this, India not only needs new laws but a 'Second Republic', a fundamental re-architecting of the state's core institutions to match the dynamism of its people. 

The book introduces the 4F architecture--functions, finances, functionaries, and foundations--as the integrated mechanism for national renewal, analysing why previous reforms have often stalled. With themes including unlocking the gender dividend (Shakti Superpower), building a modern justice platform, and navigating the geoeconomic frontier of artificial intelligence and climate change, it focuses on the 'plumbing' of the nation: the courts, civil services, and digital systems. A manifesto for 2047, The Second Republic is a timely intervention, shifting the goalposts from 'growth at any cost' to 'growth through institutional excellence', making it an essential read for those trying to understand why India's path to $30 trillion requires more than just capital.

A Charter to Remake the Indian State and Unleash a Nation's Potential

The Second Republic

The first international publication dedicated to innovative Turkish real estate developer Bilgili Holding, seen through the discerning lens of architecture and design editor Catherine Shaw. Biligili Holding is an award-winning real estate development company specialized in luxury housing, villas, and mixed-purpose and hospitality projects. Headquartered in the dynamic cultural crossroads of Istanbul, it has been of global significance for 65 years now. Through its 12 most exciting and ambitious projects, the publication explores Bilgili Holding’s unrivalled expertise in master planning, architecture, and design, and collaborations with the finest architects. The prototypical properties include the legendary Soho House Istanbul and The Peninsula Istanbul. The 12 selected projects – which are presented with personal insights from the architects and interior designers - encapsulate Bilgili Holding’s key characteristics: an intense interest in the balance between architecture, nature and society, and their finely attuned design devices. Nine of the buildings are located in the most pictoresque districts of the metropolitan area of Istanbul, the others in Thessalonica (Greece), Miami and New York. Not only was a new collection of photos was taken especially for the book, it is also richly illustrated with plans and lively original hand-drawn illustrations, all of them giving illuminating insights into Bilgili Holding’s contributions to architecture and interior design. It reveals an extraordinary creative energy behind projects that include student housing, heritage retail, waterfront public multi-use neighborhoods, art museums, and hotels. Shining a light on the challenges, inspirations and design solutions of multiple projects, the volume provides a practical perspective on design in various contexts and cultures, with a direct and contemporary dialogue between nature and culture, tradition and innovation, space and materials.

Bilgili Holding

Brill Österreich Ges.m.b.H.

London und Paris 1770-1860

Die Straße in der großen Stadt

Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems

This textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to computational methods for analyzing dynamic economic systems, bridging the gap between theory and real-world applications.The book covers a wide range of topics in both microeconomic and macroeconomic dynamics, offering clear explanations of complex concepts through practical examples and case studies. It introduces fundamental tools like differential equations and applies them to key models, including the Solow-Swan and Ramsey growth models, Walrasian tâtonnement, as well as dynamic labor market and epidemic models. Readers will gain hands-on experience using popular tools such as R and Python, with step-by-step instructions for building, simulating, and visualizing economic models.The text stands out for its practical approach, equipping readers with the computational skills necessary to model real-world economic processes. By integrating theoretical insights with applied exercises, the book ensures that readers not only understand the underlying economic dynamics but also know how to implement and interpret these models.This book will be a key resource for both undergraduate and graduate students, as well as professionals seeking to apply computational methods to economic analysis. It is an indispensable guide for anyone aiming to deepen their understanding of dynamic economic modeling in both academic and professional contexts.

Theory and Applications

Computational Modeling of Economic Dynamics

Why Big Labor moved to the right— and the fight ahead for the left to win back America’s working class Unions helped construct the American middle class, defeat Jim Crow, and advance progressive rights, but in Trump’s America, the labor movement is changing. In Big Labor's Big Shift, journalist Nathan Bomey explores how Big Labor and the working class are no longer an automatic ally of the American left. Fueled by decades of economic decline, political disillusionment, and cultural disenfranchisement, new politically nebulous and economically populist leaders in the movement are building a powerful new movement based on class warfare that prizes wage and benefit gains over traditional progressive priorities. Through original reporting and first-hand interviews, Bomey traces key events that have led to this political shift. Bomey reveals: -At the Teamsters, president Sean O’Brien is cozying up to Donald Trump and blasting Democrats as tools of big business, even showing up at the Republican National Convention to deliver his message. -At the United Auto Workers, president Shawn Fain is seizing an opportunity to break the free trade consensus in Washington. The devout Christian, who wields religious rhetoric from the stump, is aligning with the Trump White House on tariffs and blasting Democrats for aggressively pursuing electric vehicles to fight climate change. Bomey shows how the two interconnected phenomena represent a massive political realignment—not just along cultural and nationalism lines, but of the working class itself away from its historic roots in the Democratic party. Urgent and compelling, Big Labor's Big Shift encapsulates the fight for the soul of the union movement.

Why Big Labor moved to the right—and the fight ahead for the left to win back America’s working class Unions helped construct the American middle class, defeat Jim Crow, and advance progressive rights, but in Trump’s America, the labor movement is changing. In Big Labor's Big Shift, journalist Nathan Bomey explores how Big Labor and the working class are no longer an automatic ally of the American left. Fueled by decades of economic decline, political disillusionment, and cultural disenfranchisement, new politically nebulous and economically populist leaders in the movement are building a powerful new movement based on class warfare that prizes wage and benefit gains over traditional progressive priorities. Through original reporting and first-hand interviews, Bomey traces key events that have led to this political shift. Bomey reveals: -At the Teamsters, president Sean O’Brien is cozying up to Donald Trump and blasting Democrats as tools of big business, even showing up at the Republican National Convention to deliver his message. -At the United Auto Workers, president Shawn Fain is seizing an opportunity to break the free trade consensus in Washington. The devout Christian, who wields religious rhetoric from the stump, is aligning with the Trump White House on tariffs and blasting Democrats for aggressively pursuing electric vehicles to fight climate change. Bomey shows how the two interconnected phenomena represent a massive political realignment—not just along cultural and nationalism lines, but of the working class itself away from its historic roots in the Democratic party. Urgent and compelling, Big Labor's Big Shift encapsulates the fight for the soul of the union movement.

Why Unions Left Democrats

Big Labor's Big Shift

ADVANCED MACROECONOMICS: AN INTRODUCTION FOR UNDERGRADUATES (SECOND EDITION)

This open access book demonstrates that in a large and diverse country like Indonesia, sustained national growth is difficult to achieve without accelerating the growth of its lagging regions. Conventional economic prescriptions-monetary and fiscal stimulus, trade liberalization, and deregulation of the real sector-are insufficient on their own. When national growth rises because lagging regions catch up, the result is an inclusive growth trajectory. &nbsp; Yet even this is not enough. Higher output does not automatically translate into improved human welfare across regions. A welfare indicator such as the Human Capital Index (HCI) offers a far more meaningful measure than GDP because it captures both the current and future productivity of people. Ultimately, development is not defined by what a country produces, but by what its people become. &nbsp; Using a spatial modeling framework and panel data, the book identifies the key determinants of regional HCI-education, stunting rates, and the dominance of the mining sector. It further argues that because the majority of Indonesian workers are concentrated in the low productivity retail trade sector, any policy seeking to raise welfare at scale must begin by improving productivity in this sector. This is not a peripheral concern; it is a central condition for broad based welfare gains, with the potential to transform the ordinary backbone of the economy into an engine of shared human advancement.

This open access book demonstrates that in a large and diverse country like Indonesia, sustained national growth is difficult to achieve without accelerating the growth of its lagging regions. Conventional economic prescriptions—monetary and fiscal stimulus, trade liberalization, and deregulation of the real sector—are insufficient on their own. When national growth rises because lagging regions catch up, the result is an inclusive growth trajectory. &nbsp; Yet even this is not enough. Higher output does not automatically translate into improved human welfare across regions. A welfare indicator such as the Human Capital Index (HCI) offers a far more meaningful measure than GDP because it captures both the current and future productivity of people. Ultimately, development is not defined by what a country produces, but by what its people become. &nbsp; Using a spatial modeling framework and panel data, the book identifies the key determinants of regional HCI—education, stunting rates, and the dominance of the mining sector. It further argues that because the majority of Indonesian workers are concentrated in the low productivity retail trade sector, any policy seeking to raise welfare at scale must begin by improving productivity in this sector. This is not a peripheral concern; it is a central condition for broad based welfare gains, with the potential to transform the ordinary backbone of the economy into an engine of shared human advancement.

Bridging Distances Through People-First Human Capital

The Quiet Engine of Growth

The discovery of major offshore oil reserves in 2015 set Guyana on a transformative path, culminating in the establishment of its oil industry and positioning the country among the world’s top producers per capita. This rapid ascent contrasts sharply with decades of underdevelopment, when the country remained at the bottom of the global ladder despite its rich natural resources. Today, Guyana faces the dual challenge of managing newfound wealth and safeguarding against the resource curse and Dutch disease, all within a context of political polarization, ethnic diversity, and governance distress.
 
 This book examines the democratic foundations essential for stability and development, focusing on electoral system design and reform. It explores twelve systems in practice worldwide, the nuanced properties that shape electoral outcomes, and the implications of diversity for inclusive governance. The chapters also explore election management structures, which are critical to democratic legitimacy and fairness.
 
 Drawing on international experience and a growing body of literature, this book argues that Guyana’s development ambitions hinge on institutional strengthening—beginning with electoral reform. Electoral reform would take a targeted approach to improving fairness, reducing zero-sum governance, and creating conditions for sustainable democracy. The resulting book underscores the need for a comprehensive, consultative process and highlights the enduring roles of civil society and political elites in shaping institutional change.
 Desmond Thomas
 is an economist and former Lead Economics Specialist with the Inter-American Development Bank. He was a lecturer in economics at the University of the West Indies, an adjunct professor at the University of Trent, Ontario, Canada, and Florida International University (FIU), a visiting scholar at the Latin American and Caribbean Center at FIU, and Wolfson College Visiting Fellow at Cambridge University. He is a coeditor of Economic Challenges in Early 21st Century Guyana (Palgrave Macmillan, 2024).

The discovery of major offshore oil reserves in 2015 set Guyana on a transformative path, culminating in the establishment of its oil industry and positioning the country among the world’s top producers per capita. This rapid ascent contrasts sharply with decades of underdevelopment, when the country remained at the bottom of the global ladder despite its rich natural resources. Today, Guyana faces the dual challenge of managing newfound wealth and safeguarding against the resource curse and Dutch disease, all within a context of political polarization, ethnic diversity, and governance distress.
 
 This book examines the democratic foundations essential for stability and development, focusing on electoral system design and reform. It explores twelve systems in practice worldwide, the nuanced properties that shape electoral outcomes, and the implications of diversity for inclusive governance. The chapters also explore election management structures, which are critical to democratic legitimacy and fairness.
 
 Drawing on international experience and a growing body of literature, this book argues that Guyana’s development ambitions hinge on institutional strengthening—beginning with electoral reform. Electoral reform would take a targeted approach to improving fairness, reducing zero-sum governance, and creating conditions for sustainable democracy. The resulting book underscores the need for a comprehensive, consultative process and highlights the enduring roles of civil society and political elites in shaping institutional change.

Electoral Reform for a Stable Democracy in Guyana

Oil, Diversity, and Electoral Justice

Palgrave Studies in the History of Finance

This book brings together the most significant uncollected writings of the renowned economic historian Peter Spufford (1934–2017). Spanning topics from medieval coinage and monetary policy to international trade and shifting financial centres, this volume showcases Spufford’s unique ability to integrate numismatics, economic history, and archival research across multiple languages and disciplines.The collection includes both previously published and unpublished studies, some of which were originally available only in German, French, or Italian. These papers reflect Spufford’s lifelong commitment to uncovering the complexities of medieval economies through rigorous analysis of primary sources, archaeological evidence, and pictorial materials. The volume makes accessible a wealth of scholarship that had remained scattered or difficult to obtain, offering new insights into the monetary and commercial systems of Europe from the Middle Ages to the early modern period. It will be a fascinating resource for historians of money, trade, and medieval Europe.Jan Lucassen
 is an Honorary Fellow at the International Institute of Social History, the Netherlands.&nbsp;
 Peter Spufford 
 was Professor of European History at the University of Cambridge, UK.&nbsp;

This book brings together the most significant uncollected writings of the renowned economic historian Peter Spufford (1934–2017). Spanning topics from medieval coinage and monetary policy to international trade and shifting financial centres, this volume showcases Spufford’s unique ability to integrate numismatics, economic history, and archival research across multiple languages and disciplines.The collection includes both previously published and unpublished studies, some of which were originally available only in German, French, or Italian. These papers reflect Spufford’s lifelong commitment to uncovering the complexities of medieval economies through rigorous analysis of primary sources, archaeological evidence, and pictorial materials. The volume makes accessible a wealth of scholarship that had remained scattered or difficult to obtain, offering new insights into the monetary and commercial systems of Europe from the Middle Ages to the early modern period. It will be a fascinating resource for historians of money, trade, and medieval Europe.

Collected Essays of Peter Spufford

Money, Trade and Shifting Financial Centres, 1000 – 1800

The Eighteenth-Century London Upholder

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