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Maynard House

Maynard S: The Broken Ladder

The Broken Ladder

How Britain's Young People Were Priced Out of Work, Security and Independence

Building Tax Capacity in Africa

What counts as 'good' work under contemporary Western capitalism? As the traditional promise of identity and status by middle-class occupations becomes increasingly difficult to sustain, many workers turn to manual work in search of meaning. The book argues that this represents a mechanism of middle-class reproduction, through which working-class practices and aesthetics are selectively appropriated and transformed by middle-class workers. To describe this transformation, it introduces the concept of gentrified labour, which captures how manual occupations are culturally 'resignified' and workers negotiate tensions between autonomy, recognition and economic insecurity in the pursuit of meaningful work.

Meaningful Work After the Middle Class

Gentrified Labour

How apprenticeship shaped the English economy Apprenticeship dominated training and skill formation in early modern Europe. Years spent learning from a skilled master were a nearly universal experience for young workers in crafts and trade. In England, when apprenticeship reached its peak, as many as a third of all teenage males would serve and learn as apprentices. In The Market for Skill, Patrick Wallis shows how apprenticeship helped reshape the English economy. Some historians see apprenticeship as a key ingredient in the industrial revolution; others agree with Adam Smith in seeing it as wasteful and conservative. Wallis shows that neither of these perspectives is entirely accurate. He offers a new account of apprenticeship and the market for skill in England, analyzing the records of hundreds of thousands of individual apprentices to tell the story of how apprenticeship worked and how it contributed to the transformation of England. Wallis details the activities of apprentices and masters, the strategies of ambitious parents, the interventions of guilds and the decisions of town officials. He shows how the system of early modern apprenticeship contributed to the growth of cities, the movement of workers from farms to manufacturing and the spread of new technologies and productive knowledge. In this groundbreaking study, Wallis argues that apprenticeship succeeded precisely because it was a flexible institution which allowed apprentices to change their minds and exit contracts early. Apprenticeship provided a vital channel for training that families could trust and that was accessible to most young people, whatever their background.

Apprenticeship and Economic Growth in Early Modern England

The Market for Skill

Sustainability and the Future of International Trade challenges the conventional wisdom that free trade is universally beneficial and that today's trading system operates on the comparative advantages of countries. The author demonstrates through the role of regulatory variance across four domains (labour, environment, climate, and taxation) that international trade is more often explained by the absolute or ownership advantages of multinational firms, which exploit regulatory differences across countries. In a world where multinational firms orchestrate approximately 80% of international trade, the main benefit is not the physical movement of goods, but rather how production is organized and transferred through knowledge flows in the international trading system. The main challenge therefore is the market power of these same firms - a power that remains largely unregulated outside the European Union.The book explains why existing trade institutions combined with low standards in emerging economies now frequently undermine sustainability and why small, incremental adjustments within the current framework will be insufficient. The author argues that regulatory divergence drives vicious circles of lowering standards in the four domains, leading to a race-to-the-bottom including carbon leakage. The latter contributes significantly to the climate crisis while creating detrimental health impacts on less developed countries. After presenting the main actors of the system, the multinational firm, the nation state, the European Union, the WTO and the ILO, the author discusses and weighs the pros and cons of different trade political instruments, both traditional and more modern, in terms of achieving sustainable trade.The book offers an integrated analytical and policy framework, with clear relevance for academics, researchers and policymakers concerned with global public goods, climate change, and trade governance.

Confronting the Triple Crisis of Inequality, Security and Climate

Sustainability and the Future of International Trade

Text and Cases

The Dynamics of Industrial Relations

The legal concepts that can fundamentally inform the economics of institutions In Legal Institutionalism, the eminent economist Geoffrey Hodgson proposes a new analytic approach for understanding modern economic institutions. Law helps to constitute some of the key features of modern market economies. Moreover, there is evidence that many people believe that obeying the law is important in itself, especially when it is deemed just, legitimate, and uncorrupt. Consequently, he argues, the role of law must be considered in analyses of the nature and dynamics of modern economic institutions and the motivations of economic agents. Hodgson lays out the basic approach and intellectual assumptions of legal institutionalism, citing such thinkers as Adam Smith and Karl Marx as well as insights from institutional economics, law, philosophy, psychology, and social theory. He considers how legal institutions emerged and evolved throughout history, stressing their importance in large-scale, complex economies. Informal rules and relations are vital as well, he explains, but these often rely on face-to-face contact, with smaller numbers of people. He shows that by examining relevant legal rules and relations alongside important informal rules, we can improve our understanding of the nature and role of property, contracts, money, and firms. Revisiting the socialist calculation debate on the feasibility of socialist planning, Hodgson argues that both sides paid insufficient attention to legal issues and underestimated the importance and inevitability of mixed economies. This milestone work by Hodgson has major implications for both theory and policy, suggesting new approaches to economic development, the theory of the firm, and countering the policy extremes of markets versus states.

A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Analysis of Modern Economies

Legal Institutionalism

How have the main traditions of political economy understood the notion of economic and political crisis? To answer this question, Peter Burnham returns to the primary writings of the pre-classical, classical and neoclassical traditions to explore how thinkers from the mercantalists to Habermas and Streeck have theorised the concept of crisis and how these theories can be used to interpret crisis in contemporary capitalism. Political Economy and Crisis provides an accessible and comprehensive exposition of the main traditions of political economy and an assessment of their competing approaches to understanding and defining capitalism. It reveals the extent to which crisis can be viewed as beneficial or problematical, exogenous or endogenous, a crisis in capitalism, or a crisis of capitalism. The notion of the "financialization of capital" and the character of the global economy is particularly explored. This book is suitable for introductory courses on the theoretical foundations of political economy and international political economy as well as broader courses on the history of economic thought and the development of the post-Bretton Woods world economy.

A comprehensive exposition and assessment of the main traditions of political economy and their competing approaches to understanding and defining capitalism, in particular, how they interpret economic and political crisis in contemporary capitalism.

Political Economy and Crisis

This book offers a powerful rethinking of long-term unemployment, focusing on everyday lived experiences that reveal how unemployed men make sense of deindustrialisation and prolonged joblessness. The book foregrounds Bakhtin's theory of resisting power through humour and dialogue, challenging prevailing psychological and individualistic narratives. It instead shows how men resist dominant activation discourses by voicing metaphors that reflect their embodied experiences. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in a post-industrial inner city Work Club, the book combines photographs, quotations and vignettes to illuminate the loss of largely masculine employment. It offers a critical analysis of agency and discourse, with new perspectives on how unemployed men resist and cope with their circumstances in ways that are often overlooked by mainstream theories.

Bakhtin, Carnivalesque and Metaphor

Resisting Unemployment Stigma

Routledge Studies in North American Politics

Speaking to wider debates of U.S. foreign policy and grand strategy, its interests and motivations in International Relations and International Political Economy, and processes of regionalism with regard to political-economic integration. NAFTA-land Security present a clear, important and original argument to all those struggling with how best to understand the overall policy aims that drive U.S. thinking, and how they relate to global trends and developments in U.S. foreign policy.

North America is increasingly an integrated economic hub, and Canada and Mexico are important to the U.S. (and vice versa) in terms of energy security, trade, cross-border production, and more. This has made regional security and stability more strategically important than the already high level it had attained through geography. In order to understand North America’s growing strategic significance, we need to take a closer look at U.S. policy within the region. In this book, Paul Ashby examines how U.S. now considers North America, defined regionally as the countries within the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), as a distinct and strategically important economic and security space. Through closer examination of several policy programs with both Canada and Mexico, Ashby demonstrates how the U.S. is actively constructing a regional, North American security architecture based around, but also operating within NAFTA’s perimeters. He contends that increased regional economic integration and important interdependencies spurred by NAFTA are driving, and that these were given far greater impetus by the events and regional impacts of 9/11. North America’s growing strategic importance to the U.S. has encouraged it to take regional security more seriously. Speaking to wider debates of U.S. foreign policy and grand strategy, its interests and motivations in International Relations and International Political Economy, and processes of regionalism with regard to political-economic integration. NAFTA-land Security present a clear, important and original argument to all those struggling with how best to understand the overall policy aims that drive U.S. thinking, and how they relate to global trends and developments in U.S. foreign policy.

Armoring NAFTA, or Abandoning it?

Contemporary U.S. Approaches to North American Regionalism

World Scientific Series In Health Investment And Financing

This textbook for graduate and postgraduate university students and for healthcare policymakers reviews a set of countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) that have introduced universal access to healthcare through an incremental expansion of health insurance coverage over time. This second volume is a companion to Volume 1, A Comparative Review of Landmark Health Reforms in the OECD, which reviews a different set of countries that approach universal access to healthcare via a 'Big Bang' reform process instead.The first two chapters of this volume provide a framework for financing universal access to healthcare through expansion of health insurance, rather than a government-financed National Health Service. The subsequent chapters present case studies of a) the USA which is still struggling; and b) 11 other OECD countries that succeeded in introducing reforms to finance universal access to healthcare for their population in the 20th century, through incremental health insurance reforms.The book's detailed review of the current situation in the USA shows how the road to universal access to healthcare has been a long and tortuous process, spanning more than 100 years of on-and-off reforms. The recent expansion of health insurance coverage in the USA under the Affordable Health Care Act, and current threats to reverse the benefits of this reform, have once again focused the world's attention on just how difficult it is to expand coverage at an affordable cost. Despite being the one of the richest countries in the world in terms of per capita income, and spending more on healthcare than anywhere else in the world, the USA remains among the few OECD countries -- including Turkey and Mexico -- that still has not achieved the elusive goal of providing access to affordable healthcare to its whole population.The subsequent 11 case studies show how reforms leading to universal access to healthcare were not a one-size-fits-all process and did not imply coverage for all people for everything. Rather, universal access to healthcare was a delicate balance between three critical dimensions: who is covered, what services are covered and how much of the cost is covered through some form of prepayment. The OECD experience has been that there are important trade-offs between these three dimensions. No country in the world is rich enough to bear the costs of providing unrestrained access to a limitless range of services for their whole population. Rather, compromises were made that reflect the social contract and political realities of the time of expansion in coverage in the respective countries.The concluding two chapters focus on the lessons learned from the OECD and recommendations for policymakers and others both in the USA and elsewhere who are planning similar reforms.

AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM IN HEALTHCARE: FROM COTTAGE INDUSTRY TO CORPORATE POWERHOUSE

A blueprint for an economy that delivers true shared prosperity and inclusive growth. How can we address economic inequality? Most proposed solutions ask the rich to pay higher taxes to benefit the poor. But the rich have the political power to control whether redistribution happens and are unlikely to tolerate such arrangements. Therefore, Francesco Caselli argues, what's needed is a system that generates wealth equitably at the source: an economy that retains free markets but replaces traditional corporations with worker-managed cooperatives, where every employee has an equal say in company governance. Cooperatives in the Twenty-First Century shows that properly designed worker co-ops can match the productivity of conventional firms while sharing the resulting prosperity more evenly. Hardly a radical, Caselli mobilizes decades of orthodox economics research to distill the principles required for cooperatives to succeed: He explains how to implement worker democracy, structure management, address worker discipline, and protect the rights of those who leave the co-op, among other matters. If a co-op follows these principles, it will be "incentive-compatible"-that is, each member will work hard because it will be in their interest to do so. Crucially, this co-op system does not assume worker altruism. A well-designed cooperative will succeed even if every worker is a purely selfish homo economicus. Effective worker co-ops are not the stuff of utopian fantasy: Spain's Mondragon federation, for example, has been around for seventy years and employs over 70,000 workers. But co-ops are still rarer than they should be. Caselli's meticulous, accessible recommendations offer a vision of a more equitable economic future and detail how we can get from here to there.

How Worker-Managed Companies Can Curb Inequality and Support Free Markets

Cooperatives in the Twenty-First Century

There is an urgent need for higher quality and accessible part-time roles across sectors for worker wellbeing, job satisfaction and the economy. What would it take to make part-time work a genuine option for more people? Aimed at employers, HR professionals and policy makers, this book makes a long-term, society-wide case for part-time employment.

Why We Need to Redesign Work

Making Part-Time Work

The Broken Ladder

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