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Samuel Asiimwe

Recognition and Protection of Well-Known Marks under Rwanda's Intellectual Property Law

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2021 im Fachbereich Jura - Europarecht, Völkerrecht, Internationales Privatrecht, Note: 1,7, Hochschule Fulda, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Diese Arbeit zielt darauf ab, die Kompetenzverteilung innerhalb der EU, speziell in Bezug auf die Gemeinsame Handelspolitik (GHP), zu untersuchen und zu erläutern. Es wird der theoretische Rahmen des Freihandelsabkommens diskutiert, die Rolle und Kompetenz der GHP analysiert, sowie die vertragliche Handelspolitik und das Zustandekommen von gemischten Abkommen detailliert dargestellt. Schließlich werden die Ergebnisse zusammengefasst und betrachtet.

 Anonymous

Die Kompetenzverteilung in der EU und die Rolle der Gemeinsamen Handelspolitik. Ein tiefgehender Einblick in die Struktur und Dynamik von Freihandelsabkommen

Academic Paper from the year 2024 in the subject Law - European and International Law, Intellectual Properties, grade: 28/30, Bocconi University, course: European and International Advanced IP Law, language: English, abstract: This paper aims to explore the interplay between trademark law and the often-elusive concept of bad faith against the backdrop of protecting the Champagne Geographical Indication by examining the case of CIVC and INAO v. Keep Waddling International Pte. Ltd. [2020] SGIPOS 10 and its implications within trademark and GI jurisprudence. 

The unique reputation of champagne is guaranteed by the protection afforded by the Champagne GI, a type of intellectual property right primarily cited in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), ensuring that the label champagne can only be used for sparkling wines produced from certain grape varieties grown in the eponymous region in France. Protecting the appellation of origin reassures the consumer product authenticity and the strict restraints on the words use by the CIVC and INAO is motivated by the anticipation of the term and therefore the product of champagne becoming arbitrary and universal with unlimited use. 

The degree of similarity of terms and the therefore resulting likelihood of confusion for the consumer plays an essential role in deciding whether signs for products manufactured outside the Champagne region can be granted legal protection or not. In the case considered, the inclusion of "ChamPeng" in the Applicant’s trademark led to the refusal of its protection, not because the trademark would not meet the necessary registration requirements, but because its similarity to the champagne term gave inference for bad faith. Since the case’s dispute does not arise from a false claim or deceptive information, it particularly diverges from traditionally established bad faith categories. Therefore, the following question arises: How does the case contribute to the conduct of protection of GIs in trademark law?

The examination of the aforementioned issue will involve a comprehensive review of the case under consideration. Initially, the legal foundations and the Applicant's claims that prompted the legal proceedings will be outlined to establish the legal basis of the case. Subsequently, attention will be directed towards presenting the counterpart’s position, providing insights into the potential resolution of the dispute afterwards. Finally, the Court's ultimate decision will be scrutinized to discern its potential impact on enhancing the broader legal framework and in its challenging of conventional boundaries within trademark jurisprudence.

Protecting Champagne as a Geographical Indication. The ChamPengWine Case

Aus der Reihe: e-fellows.net stipendiaten-wissen

Essay from the year 2023 in the subject Law - European and International Law, Intellectual Properties, grade: 1,0, Göteborg University (Rechtswissenschaft), course: International Criminal Law, language: English, abstract: How can the U.S. arguments regarding the ICC as a threat to state sovereignty be assessed? How is the ICC as an institution affected by the fact that the U.S. – one of the Permanent Five – is not part of the Rome Statute? The ICC, being the world’s first permanent international criminal court, was established to prosecute individuals for “the most serious crimes of international concern”, namely genocide; crimes against humanity; war crimes; and the crime of aggression. Some controversies among states arose during the establishment, primarily concerning the court’s jurisdiction and its effects on state sovereignty. The clash between the authority of the ICC and the sovereignty of states has thereafter repeatedly been up for discussion. The U.S. is often depicted as one of the main opponents to the ICC due to the court’s alleged impact on state sovereignty. What may be considered ironic in the context is that the U.S. initially constituted one of the key creators of the court, to ultimately neither sign nor ratify its statute.   An argument that has been put forward by the U.S. is that there is no need for an external juridical body for such a well-established, sovereign state as the U.S. However, such a body would serve a purpose for other states, which do not meet the high U.S. standards. This argument shows clear tendencies of so-called American exceptionalism, which is the idea that the U.S. is superior to other states for historical, ideological or religious reasons. What makes this standpoint further interesting is that the U.S., despite not being part of the Rome Statute, may refer cases to the ICC in its capacity as one of the permanent members of the UNSC – which they have, on several occasions. In other words, the U.S. appears to be in the position to exercise indirect control over an international institution which their own nationals cannot be subjects to.

The Jurisdiction of the ICC in Relation to The Great Powers. The U.S.' Impact on Sovereignty and Authority

Olaf Levonen

Die Europäische Aktiengesellschaft (SE). Entstehung, Statut und Umsetzung in Deutschland

Essay from the year 2024 in the subject Law - European and International Law, Intellectual Properties, grade: 73.00, Queen Mary University of London, language: English, abstract: This essay examines the development of competition law in digital markets. In particular, it highlights the challenges posed by the specific characteristics of digital markets. Further, it explains the operating principles of the Digital Markets Act and compares it with s.19a GWB. It examines the functioning of both laws with regard to their respective advantages and disadvantages and develops a recommendation on how the DMA should be adapted in the future. 

For decades, arts.101 and 102 TFEU have been the main rules for EU competition authorities to prevent companies from engaging in unfair and anti-competitive practices. Now, with the Digital Markets Act ("DMA"), a new set of rules has come into force in 2023 to address such practices by companies operating in digital markets, thereby seeking to ensure the contestability and fairness of these markets. The DMA, which also aims to simplify and speed up procedures, moves away from the case-by-case analysis of competition law, where competition authorities sanction infringements of arts.101 and 102 TFEU ex post. Instead, the DMA adopts a more regulatory approach aimed at preventing certain practices in the first place. This was seen as necessary because of the enforcement problems posed by the specific characteristics of rapidly developing digital markets. 

Regulating Digital Markets in Europe. A Comparative Assessment of the Digital Markets Act and Recommendations for Future Adjustments

Verena Fichtinger

Grundlagen, Entwicklungen und Perspektiven

Nachhaltigkeitsberichterstattung in der EU

Wolfgang Neuefeind

Einführende Kurzanmerkungen

Digitale Dienste Akt und KI-Verordnung

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2015 im Fachbereich Jura - Europarecht, Völkerrecht, Internationales Privatrecht, Note: 1,3, Universität Kassel, Veranstaltung: Investitionsschutzrecht am Beispiel TTIP, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Meistbegünstigungsklauseln oder auf Englisch most-favoured-nation clauses, kurz „MFN clauses“,  stellen ein Grundprinzip des WTO-Rechts und ein Kernelement der weltweiten Handelsliberalisierung dar.  Sie werden als zentraler Schutzstandard des Investitionsschutzrechts angesehen. Diese Ausarbeitung befasst sich mit der Problematik von Meistbegünstigungsklauseln in Bilateral Investment Treaties, sog. BITs. Dabei werden auch Ansätze zur Einschränkung von Meistbegünstigungsklauseln in BITs aufgezeigt.

Felix Knaak

Problematik von Meistbegünstigungsklauseln in BITs (Bilateral Investment Treaties)

Diplomarbeit aus dem Jahr 2016 im Fachbereich Jura - Europarecht, Völkerrecht, Internationales Privatrecht, Note: 1, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg (Institut für Moraltheologie), Veranstaltung: Zulassungsarbeit, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die Doktrin der "Responsibility to Protect" (R2P) hat seit ihrer Formulierung im Jahr 2001 anhaltende Debatten in der internationalen Gemeinschaft ausgelöst. Sie stellt einen Paradigmenwechsel dar, weg von der unverbrüchlichen Souveränität der Staaten hin zu einer internationalen Schutzverantwortung für Individuen in Fällen von schweren Menschenrechtsverletzungen. Diese Zulassungsarbeit untersucht die R2P aus einer interdisziplinären Perspektive und zielt darauf ab, ihre theoretischen Grundlagen, ihre Anwendung in der Praxis sowie die damit verbundenen ethischen, rechtlichen und politischen Herausforderungen zu beleuchten.

Nicolas Müller

Völkerrechtsbruch aus Nächstenliebe? Die Responsibility to Protect

Master's Thesis from the year 2024 in the subject Law - European and International Law, Intellectual Properties, grade: A, Lund University (School of Economic and Management), course: HARN 63, language: English, abstract: This legal dissertation explores Sweden’s role in implementing anti-dumping measures within the European Union while fulfilling its obligations to the World Trade Organization (WTO). The study highlights the inherent tension between Sweden’s traditionally liberal trade policy and the necessity of protecting domestic industries—especially in the steel and chemical sectors—against unfair competition.

Using a legal-dogmatic and comparative law approach, the analysis focuses on the implementation of Council Regulation (EU) 2016/1036 in Sweden and examines relevant WTO dispute cases that have affected Swedish industry. The research aims to clarify how Sweden balances its open-market principles with its responsibilities under EU trade defence policy and WTO law.

In doing so, the study provides insights into Sweden’s potential to act as a reform-oriented player within the EU—supporting a more transparent and sustainable trade defence policy that aligns with both international liberalization principles and national interests. The dissertation also addresses Sweden’s biennial reports and its position on EU trade strategy reform, presenting the country as a constructive force in shaping a progressive trade policy framework.

M. Troh

A Legal Analysis of Anti-Dumping Measures and World Trade Organization Disputes

Sweden's Role and Compliance with European Union Trade Defence Mechanisms

Masterarbeit aus dem Jahr 2023 im Fachbereich Jura - Europarecht, Völkerrecht, Internationales Privatrecht, Note: Gut, , Veranstaltung: Europarecht, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die vorliegende Masterarbeit widmet sich einem hochaktuellen und komplexen Thema: der Investoren-Staat-Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit im Kontext des EU-Rechts. 
Ausgehend von der eingehenden Betrachtung der Komstroy-Entscheidung des EuGH und ihrer weitreichenden Implikationen, befasst sich diese Arbeit mit der Fragestellung, wie sich die jüngsten Entwicklungen auf die Praxis der Investitionsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit auswirken und welche rechtlichen Herausforderungen sich daraus ergeben.

Internationale Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit gilt als das präferierte Forum für Streitigkeiten zwischen Investoren und Staaten, die unter Bilateralen Investitionsschutzverträgen (BITs) und dem Vertrag über die Energiecharta (ECT) entstehen. Die Entscheidung des Gerichtshofs der Europäischen Union (EuGH oder Gerichtshof) im Fall Komstroy hat bereits Ende 2023 gezeigt, dass sie weitreichende Folgen hat, da sie die Zuständigkeit von Schiedsgerichten in Schiedsverfahren sowie die Anerkennung, Vollstreckung und Aufhebung solcher Entscheidungen in nationalen Gerichtsverfahren beeinflusst. 
Seit 2018 hat sich der EuGH in drei Fällen – Achmea im März 2018,  Komstroy im September 2021  und PL Holdings im Oktober 2021  – zu der Vereinbarkeit von Schiedsklauseln mit dem EU-Recht geäussert. Diese Entscheidungen verdeutlichen die ablehnende Haltung des EuGH gegenüber Schiedsverfahren zwischen Investoren und Staaten innerhalb der EU. Besonders bemerkenswert war der Fall Komstroy: Sowohl die Republik Moldau als auch die Ukraine, wo das Unternehmen Komstroy seinen Sitz hat, sind keine EU-Mitgliedstaaten. Daher war die Anwendbarkeit der Schiedsklausel des ECT auf Streitigkeiten innerhalb der EU weder relevant noch Gegenstand der dem EuGH vorgelegten Fragen. Der EuGH bezog sich auf diese Fragestellung daher nur beiläufig in seinem obiter dictum. 

Leonid Shmatenko

Von Achmea und Komstroy: Zur Unionsrechtswidrigkeit von intra-EU-Investitionsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit

Master's Thesis from the year 2022 in the subject Law - European and International Law, Intellectual Properties, grade: 16/20, Leuven Catholic University, language: English, abstract: This thesis examines the European paradigm shift (i.e., from unconditional openness to foreign direct investment to the statement “we are not naive free traders” pronounced by the former President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker) toward the concerns raised by the Franco-German Manifesto and the subsequent interventions of European legislator. The research will focus on the new Foreign Direct Investments Screening Regulation and Cybersecurity Regulation. Furthermore, this thesis addresses a final proposal for a regulation to address state aid from non-European countries, as well as prospects for amending European competition law to meet Member States' desire to create "national and European champions". Globalization, the development of new technologies and the recent COVID-19 pandemic crisis prompted the reopening of old issues in the European Union concerning the demand for protection and the interplay between industrial policy and European competition law. To preserve the internal market, sovereignty and the future economic independence of Europe, unified and strategic European thinking is required. In this vein, Germany and France formulated an industrial policy proposal to induce the European Union to amend its rules on the subject, now perceived as 'outdated' when confronted with increasingly fierce industrial competition from the Asian powers and the United States. This understanding, labelled as the Franco-German Manifesto, illustrates Member States' concerns on the need for new European defence tools for technologies, companies and the European market, along with the reform of the current regulatory framework to enable European companies to compete globally. The analysis performed in this thesis thus investigates the rationale underpinning the new regulations and their approach to the critical issues highlighted by the Member States. The scrutiny of the mentioned regulations will concentrate on their effectiveness in countering risks related to (i) foreign acquisition of strategic assets, (ii) new technologies, and (iii) distortions of the internal market due to the lack of a global level playing field, will lead this thesis to argue in favour of further action by the legislator.

Cosimo Marcantuono

Foreign Direct Investment and Competition Policy after the Franco-German Manifesto. Embedding Political Dissent in Law

Recognition and Protection of Well-Known Marks under Rwanda's Intellectual Property Law

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