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Samuel Asiimwe

Recognition and Protection of Well-Known Marks under Rwanda's Intellectual Property Law

Aus der Reihe: e-fellows.net stipendiaten-wissen

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2024 im Fachbereich Jura - Europarecht, Völkerrecht, Internationales Privatrecht, Note: 10, Universität Leipzig, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die unionsautonome Abgrenzung von Vertrags- und Deliktsgerichtsstand nach der Brüssel Ia-VO wird flankiert von gegensätzlichen Vorstellungen in den Mitgliedsstaaten. In Frankreich und Luxemburg etwa schließt das Bestehen eines Vertrags zwischen Schädiger und Geschädigtem die Zuständigkeit des forum delicti effektiv aus. Das knappe Brogsitter-Urteil (EuGH, Urt. v. 13.03.2014 – C-548/12, Brogsitter) wurde teilweise als Adaption dieses Non-Cumul-Prinzips verstanden. Kritiker bemängelten den hierin angelegten Bedeutungsverlust des Deliktsgerichtsstands sowie den unklaren Anwendungsbereich der Doktrin. Die Unsicherheiten im Umgang mit Art. 7 Brüssel Ia-VO nach Brogsitter führten schnell zu Wikingerhof (EuGH, Urt. v. 24.11.2020 – C-59/19, Wikingerhof). Dieser Beitrag widmet sich unter umfassender Auswertung der einschlägigen Literatur der Frage, ob dem EuGH mit dem Urteil eine überzeugende Lösung der Abgrenzungsproblematik gelungen ist.

Kilian Brandt

Die Überzeugungskraft der Abgrenzung des EuGH von Vertrags- und Deliktsgerichtsstand nach der Brüssel Ia-VO. EuGH, Urt. v. 24.11.2020 - C-59/19, Wikingerhof

Michael Hilgendorf

Analyse unionsrechtlicher Reaktionsmechanismen im Umgang mit systemischen Defiziten

Rechtsstaatliche Herausforderungen in der EU

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2021 im Fachbereich Jura - Europarecht, Völkerrecht, Internationales Privatrecht, Note: 11, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die Seminararbeit thematisiert die Fragestellung, wie die internationale Staatengemeinschaft mit Hilfe des Prinzips der internationalen Kooperation den internationalen Terrorismus möglichst effektiv und nachhaltig bekämpfen kann. Die Arbeit macht die Leser*innen zunächst mit dem Prinzip der internationalen Kooperation und den wesentlichen Charakteristika des Terrorismus sowie den Herausforderungen bei seiner Bekämpfung vertraut und geht danach auf die Bedeutung zwischenstaatlicher Kooperation für den Kampf der Staaten gegen terroristische Handlungen ein. Insbesondere wird dabei die Bedeutung des Prinzips der Kooperation für die Möglichkeiten zur Bekämpfung des internationalen Terrorismus im Rahmen der UN als Repräsentantin der internationalen Staatengemeinschaft untersucht und bewertet.Es gibt in der aktuellen globalen sicherheitspolitischen Diskussion und in der Analyse der Ereignisse der Gegenwartsgeschichte wohl kaum ein brisanteres Thema als den internationalen Terrorismus. Dabei ist Terrorismus nicht erst seit den Terroranschlägen vom 11. September 2001 in den USA ein Thema, das die Menschen weltweit bewegt. Die Staaten sehen sich schon lange damit konfrontiert, ihre Bevölkerung nicht nur vor Übergriffen anderer Staaten, sondern auch vor Gewaltakten einzelner Gruppen im Inneren zu schützen. Doch seit dem 11. September 2001 ist der Begriff Terrorismus omnipräsent und die Problematik des international operierenden Terrorismus in den Mittelpunkt des öffentlichen Interesses gerückt.

Annabelle Bösing

Terrorismusbekämpfung durch internationale Kooperation. Neuere Entwicklungen im Völkerrecht

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2021 im Fachbereich Jura - Europarecht, Völkerrecht, Internationales Privatrecht, , Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: In dieser Arbeit wird das „private enforcement“ des EU-Beihilfenrechts umfassend erläutert und es werden verschiedene Probleme beleuchtet, die das „private enforcement“ in seiner praktischen Etablierung zu hemmen scheinen. Um fairen Wettbewerb zwischen den einzelnen Unternehmen in der Europäischen Union zu gewährleisten, gibt es das EU-Beihilfenrecht, welches einen Teilbereich des europäischen Wettbewerbsrechts darstellt. Das Beihilfenrecht regelt in seiner speziellen Ausprägung das Verhalten des Staates am Markt, nicht hingegen das der Marktteilnehmer. Es soll verhindern, dass einzelne Unternehmen gegenüber anderen Wettbewerbern bessergestellt werden, indem der Staat diese mit Haushaltsmitteln unterstützt. Gäbe es keine unionsrechtliche Kontrolle bei der Vergabe staatlicher Beihilfen, bestünde das Risiko, dass der unverfälschte Wettbewerb zwischen den Unternehmen in einen Wettbewerb der Staatshaushalte ausarten könnte.

Laurenz Billig

"Private enforcement" im EU-Beihilfenrecht. Wesentliche Aspekte und Problemfelder

Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2020 in the subject Law - European and International Law, Intellectual Properties, grade: 2,2, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg (Fakultät Wirtschaftswissenschaften), language: English, abstract: This doctoral thesis examines how European merger control law is applied to the energy sector and to which extent its application may facilitate the liberalisation of the electricity, natural gas and petroleum industries so that only those concentrations will be cleared that honour the principles of the liberalisation directives. In 2007, the Commission emphasized that a real internal European energy market is essential to meet Europe’s three energy objectives. These were for example competitiveness to cut costs for citizens and undertakings to foster energy efficiency and investment, sustainability including emissions trading, and security of supply with high standards of public service obligations. The EU issued three pre-liberalisation directives since the 1990s. Dissatisfied with the existing monopolistic structures, in Germany through demarcation and exclusive concession agreements for the supply of electricity and natural gas, which were until 1998 exempted from the cartel prohibition provision, and the prevalence of exclusive rights on the energy markets, the Commission triggered infringement proceedings against four Member States. The CJEU confirmed that the Commission has the power to abolish monopoly rights under certain circumstances and the rulings had the effect of convincing the member states to enter into negotiations for an opening up of energy markets owing to the internal market energy liberalization directives 1996 / 1998 / 2003 / 2009 / 2019. The 2nd liberalisation package of 2003 brought a widening of market opening and acceleration of pace of market opening to a greater number of eligible customers and an increase in the provisions on management and legal unbundling. The 3rd energy package of 2009 addressed ownership unbundling of key-infrastructure ownership and energy wholesale and retail supply consisting of three regulations and two directives. The 4th liberalization package inter alia consists of a new IEMD2019 and IGMD2019 and addresses energy efficiency and rules on good governance in the Energy Union. A brief analysis of the economic implications of concentrations is followed by an assessment of the evolution of European merger control law since 1989, 1997 and 2004. Then, the theoretical findings are contrasted to the results of recent merger proceedings in the energy sector.

Henning Matthiesen

A Critical Assessment of Market Opening Incidental Provisions within the Relevant Decisions of the European Commission

The Interplay Between European Merger Control Law and the Liberalisation of European Electricity, Natural Gas and Petroleum Markets

Academic Paper from the year 2024 in the subject Law - European and International Law, Intellectual Properties, grade: 28/30, Bocconi University, course: European and International Advanced IP Law, language: English, abstract: This paper aims to explore the interplay between trademark law and the often-elusive concept of bad faith against the backdrop of protecting the Champagne Geographical Indication by examining the case of CIVC and INAO v. Keep Waddling International Pte. Ltd. [2020] SGIPOS 10 and its implications within trademark and GI jurisprudence. 

The unique reputation of champagne is guaranteed by the protection afforded by the Champagne GI, a type of intellectual property right primarily cited in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), ensuring that the label champagne can only be used for sparkling wines produced from certain grape varieties grown in the eponymous region in France. Protecting the appellation of origin reassures the consumer product authenticity and the strict restraints on the words use by the CIVC and INAO is motivated by the anticipation of the term and therefore the product of champagne becoming arbitrary and universal with unlimited use. 

The degree of similarity of terms and the therefore resulting likelihood of confusion for the consumer plays an essential role in deciding whether signs for products manufactured outside the Champagne region can be granted legal protection or not. In the case considered, the inclusion of "ChamPeng" in the Applicant’s trademark led to the refusal of its protection, not because the trademark would not meet the necessary registration requirements, but because its similarity to the champagne term gave inference for bad faith. Since the case’s dispute does not arise from a false claim or deceptive information, it particularly diverges from traditionally established bad faith categories. Therefore, the following question arises: How does the case contribute to the conduct of protection of GIs in trademark law?

The examination of the aforementioned issue will involve a comprehensive review of the case under consideration. Initially, the legal foundations and the Applicant's claims that prompted the legal proceedings will be outlined to establish the legal basis of the case. Subsequently, attention will be directed towards presenting the counterpart’s position, providing insights into the potential resolution of the dispute afterwards. Finally, the Court's ultimate decision will be scrutinized to discern its potential impact on enhancing the broader legal framework and in its challenging of conventional boundaries within trademark jurisprudence.

 Anonymous

Protecting Champagne as a Geographical Indication. The ChamPengWine Case

Master's Thesis from the year 2024 in the subject Law - European and International Law, Intellectual Properties, grade: A, Lund University (School of Economic and Management), course: HARN 63, language: English, abstract: This legal dissertation explores Sweden’s role in implementing anti-dumping measures within the European Union while fulfilling its obligations to the World Trade Organization (WTO). The study highlights the inherent tension between Sweden’s traditionally liberal trade policy and the necessity of protecting domestic industries—especially in the steel and chemical sectors—against unfair competition.

Using a legal-dogmatic and comparative law approach, the analysis focuses on the implementation of Council Regulation (EU) 2016/1036 in Sweden and examines relevant WTO dispute cases that have affected Swedish industry. The research aims to clarify how Sweden balances its open-market principles with its responsibilities under EU trade defence policy and WTO law.

In doing so, the study provides insights into Sweden’s potential to act as a reform-oriented player within the EU—supporting a more transparent and sustainable trade defence policy that aligns with both international liberalization principles and national interests. The dissertation also addresses Sweden’s biennial reports and its position on EU trade strategy reform, presenting the country as a constructive force in shaping a progressive trade policy framework.

M. Troh

A Legal Analysis of Anti-Dumping Measures and World Trade Organization Disputes

Sweden's Role and Compliance with European Union Trade Defence Mechanisms

Seminar paper from the year 2021 in the subject Law - European and International Law, Intellectual Properties, grade: 1,3, , language: English, abstract: The years of discussion about the question of the legal status of the settlements already indicates that it is not easy to come up with a distinct answer. For this reason, this paper does not aim to provide a definitive determination of the legal status of the Israeli settlements/communities in West Bank/Judea and Samaria (= Occupied Palestinian Territory = OPT). Rather, the goal to examine the legal arguments put forward by the various parties to the conflict and other actors in this debate and to explain why it is so difficult to come to a clear answer. The first step will be a brief overview of the Israeli settlements/communities in general. Here I focus primarily on the critical aspects of the Israeli settlements/communities in order to make clear why they are so controversial. Then the arguments supporting illegality are presented. A distinction must be made here between the arguments based on the International Humanitarian Law and the arguments based on the International Human Rights Law. To continue with the other side, the arguments for the legality of settlements will be considered, in order to finally draw some conclusions in relation to the question.

What are the Main Legal Arguments for and against the Legality of Israeli Settlements and Communities in the Westbank/Judaea and Samaria?

Master's Thesis from the year 2022 in the subject Law - European and International Law, Intellectual Properties, grade: A, Near East University (Faculty of Law), language: English, abstract: Ethnographic research on post-war humanitarian intervention in Liberia has helped us to understand how international interventions especially in gender-based related violence and violation of human rights link debates on kinship, entitlement, private rights, and social responsibility. Liberian narratives, court cases, and efforts to change social norms and conduct about gender-based violence (GBV) in post-battle lifestyles are examined in this article, as well as the ongoing worldwide human rights discourse about GBV. Using a multi-faceted approach, our ethnography aims to show how the Liberian definition of "the GBV trouble," the goal of complicated GBV interventions, differs from the conception held by organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) tasked with imposing international mandates. We want to give readers a glimpse into the various discourses and power dialectics surrounding this issue.The TRC's (Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Liberia) response to its mid-mandate of investigating and determining responsibility for "egregious" domestic crimes, "gross" human rights violations, and "extreme" humanitarian law violations, as well as analyzing the underlying causes of Liberia's numerous episodes of state breakdown and violent conflicts, to recommend measures to ensure that reality, justice, and reconciliation are ensured, is represented in this work. 186 years of false impressions, inequality, poverty, oppression, and lethal struggle with long-lasting standards of fact, justice, and reconciliation are the goal of this work.

Brutus Jentzen Hunder

An Assessment of international Human Rights Violations and Gender Based Violence Committed During the Liberian Civil War

Neele Henry Seifert

Als Ausschnitt des Internationalen Privatrechts unter Einschluss des Anscheinsbeweises und Beweismaßes

Die Abgrenzung von Art. 18 Rom I-Verordnung sowie Art. 22 Rom II-Verordnung gegenüber §§ 286 und 287 ZPO

Master's Thesis from the year 2022 in the subject Law - European and International Law, Intellectual Properties, grade: 16/20, Leuven Catholic University, language: English, abstract: This thesis examines the European paradigm shift (i.e., from unconditional openness to foreign direct investment to the statement “we are not naive free traders” pronounced by the former President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker) toward the concerns raised by the Franco-German Manifesto and the subsequent interventions of European legislator. The research will focus on the new Foreign Direct Investments Screening Regulation and Cybersecurity Regulation. Furthermore, this thesis addresses a final proposal for a regulation to address state aid from non-European countries, as well as prospects for amending European competition law to meet Member States' desire to create "national and European champions". Globalization, the development of new technologies and the recent COVID-19 pandemic crisis prompted the reopening of old issues in the European Union concerning the demand for protection and the interplay between industrial policy and European competition law. To preserve the internal market, sovereignty and the future economic independence of Europe, unified and strategic European thinking is required. In this vein, Germany and France formulated an industrial policy proposal to induce the European Union to amend its rules on the subject, now perceived as 'outdated' when confronted with increasingly fierce industrial competition from the Asian powers and the United States. This understanding, labelled as the Franco-German Manifesto, illustrates Member States' concerns on the need for new European defence tools for technologies, companies and the European market, along with the reform of the current regulatory framework to enable European companies to compete globally. The analysis performed in this thesis thus investigates the rationale underpinning the new regulations and their approach to the critical issues highlighted by the Member States. The scrutiny of the mentioned regulations will concentrate on their effectiveness in countering risks related to (i) foreign acquisition of strategic assets, (ii) new technologies, and (iii) distortions of the internal market due to the lack of a global level playing field, will lead this thesis to argue in favour of further action by the legislator.

Cosimo Marcantuono

Foreign Direct Investment and Competition Policy after the Franco-German Manifesto. Embedding Political Dissent in Law

Essay from the year 2023 in the subject Law - European and International Law, Intellectual Properties, grade: 1,0, Göteborg University (Rechtswissenschaft), course: International Criminal Law, language: English, abstract: How can the U.S. arguments regarding the ICC as a threat to state sovereignty be assessed? How is the ICC as an institution affected by the fact that the U.S. – one of the Permanent Five – is not part of the Rome Statute? The ICC, being the world’s first permanent international criminal court, was established to prosecute individuals for “the most serious crimes of international concern”, namely genocide; crimes against humanity; war crimes; and the crime of aggression. Some controversies among states arose during the establishment, primarily concerning the court’s jurisdiction and its effects on state sovereignty. The clash between the authority of the ICC and the sovereignty of states has thereafter repeatedly been up for discussion. The U.S. is often depicted as one of the main opponents to the ICC due to the court’s alleged impact on state sovereignty. What may be considered ironic in the context is that the U.S. initially constituted one of the key creators of the court, to ultimately neither sign nor ratify its statute.   An argument that has been put forward by the U.S. is that there is no need for an external juridical body for such a well-established, sovereign state as the U.S. However, such a body would serve a purpose for other states, which do not meet the high U.S. standards. This argument shows clear tendencies of so-called American exceptionalism, which is the idea that the U.S. is superior to other states for historical, ideological or religious reasons. What makes this standpoint further interesting is that the U.S., despite not being part of the Rome Statute, may refer cases to the ICC in its capacity as one of the permanent members of the UNSC – which they have, on several occasions. In other words, the U.S. appears to be in the position to exercise indirect control over an international institution which their own nationals cannot be subjects to.

The Jurisdiction of the ICC in Relation to The Great Powers. The U.S.' Impact on Sovereignty and Authority

Recognition and Protection of Well-Known Marks under Rwanda's Intellectual Property Law

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