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Aus der Reihe: e-fellows.net stipendiaten-wissen

Isabelle Bayreuther

Originalism and Judicial Discretion. A Critical Analysis of Constitutional Interpretation in the United States

Roy-Romiase Sionikwa Mbelenga

Le mécanisme constitutionnel du changement de Constitution de 2006 de la République démocratique du Congo

Essay from the year 2024 in the subject Law - Public Law / Constitutional Law / Basic Rights, , language: English, abstract: The global refugee crisis has presented a formidable challenge to the traditional understanding of state sovereignty and the control of national borders. While sovereignty affords States the right to control their borders and protect their nationals, States also have a humanitarian obligation to respect the human rights and dignity of refugees, who are often people fleeing from persecution, violence and abject poverty. This research explores the complex interplay between state sovereignty and humanitarian obligations in the context of refugee protection, by exploring the legal, ethical, and political dimensions of the issue. It argues that sovereignty should not be seen as an absolute or fixed concept, but rather as a dynamic and relational one, that is shaped by the changing realities and norms of the international community. By balancing sovereignty with the humanitarian obligation to protect refugees, this research also proposes a balanced approach that respects the rights of sovereign states while addressing the urgent needs of refugees. The research concludes that the legal framework which governs refugees, continues to be characterized on the one hand, by, the principles of state sovereignty and related territorial supremacy, self-defense, and self-preservation; and on the other hand by competing humanitarian principles, derived from general international law (including the purposes and principles of the United Nations) and treaty law.

Martin Nimbom

Balancing State Sovereignty with Refugees Rights under International Law

Academic Paper from the year 2024 in the subject Law - Public Law / Constitutional Law / Basic Rights, University of Buea, language: English, abstract: This article delves into the longstanding issue of pre-trial detention, tracing its origins back to the colonial era in Cameroon, where individuals were held in custody pending trial outcomes. It examines the extent to which pre-trial detainees' rights are safeguarded in Cameroon, revealing significant violations within the current legal framework. Notably, the Criminal Procedure Code (CPC) of Cameroon falls short in adequately protecting the right to bail, leaving its discretion to the courts.

Employing qualitative research methodology, the study conducts a comprehensive doctrinal analysis of conventions, statutes, and cases. Findings indicate that while Cameroon's Constitution and CPC offer certain protections, these provisions are deemed insufficient, calling for reform. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Cameroon's legal system in upholding prisoners' rights.

In clarifying the term "pre-trial," the article underscores its global prevalence across Europe and Africa, encompassing diverse demographics—from first-time offenders to the mentally ill and career criminals. The history of pre-trial detention in Cameroon is rooted in colonial practices, where detainees were coerced into administrative labor.

Post-World War I, there emerged heightened awareness of human dignity, catalyzing initiatives like the League of Nations' International Penal and Penitentiary Commission, which advocated for proper detainee treatment. Subsequently, the United Nations inherited this mission, emphasizing human dignity through international legal instruments, which are analyzed in the study.

Three justifications for pre-trial detention are outlined: reasonable belief in the alleged perpetrator's guilt, flight risk, and potential obstruction of justice. Fundamental human rights, including liberty, are emphasized, with acknowledgment of widespread unlawful arrests, lack of legal counsel, and inhumane treatment in many countries.

This article underscores the urgent need to reform Cameroon's legal framework, advocating for amendments to clarify ambiguous provisions, define undefined terms, and bolster lacking safeguards. By addressing these deficiencies, the study aims to enhance protections for pre-trial detainees and uphold fundamental rights within Cameroon's justice system.

Sona Gerald

The Protection of the Rights of Pre-trial Detainees in Cameroon. A Legal Perspective

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2021 im Fachbereich Jura - Öffentliches Recht / Staatsrecht / Grundrechte, Note: sehr gut (16 Punkte), Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Älter als das Grundgesetz sind die Diskussionen über Reichweite und Garantiegehalt der Religionsfreiheit. Die Frage, was das Grundrecht der Religionsfreiheit garantiert und welche religiösen Betätigungen Schutz genießen, blieb stets aktuell. Sie forderte die Rechtswissenschaft heraus, Spannungsfelder zwischen Religionsfreiheit und den Realitäten einer nicht mehr ausschließlich „christlich-abendländisch“ geprägten Gesellschaft zu bearbeiten.

Einen Ansatz zur „Grenzbestimmung“ der Religionsfreiheit bildet die sogenannte Kulturvölker- oder Kulturadäquanzformel. Sie wurde 1960 vom Bundesverfassungsgericht im sogenannten „Tabakfall“ bzw. „Ludendorffianer-Fall“ entwickelt und in späteren Entscheidungen zitiert. Das BVerfG führte aus, dass das Grundgesetz nur solche Glaubensbetätigungen schützt, die sich bei „heutigen Kulturvölkern“ auf Basis übereinstimmender sittlicher Grundanschauungen entwickelt haben. Gegen diese Verengung des Garantiegehalts regte sich früh Widerstand in der Literatur, und auch das BVerfG sendete später Signale, die als Abrücken von der Kulturvölkerformel gedeutet wurden. Dennoch gibt es weiterhin Meinungen, die an den Grundsätzen der Kulturadäquanz festhalten.

Diese Arbeit beleuchtet das Meinungsbild zu Sinn und Schlüssigkeit der Kulturvölkerformel in Literatur und Rechtsprechung, analysiert die Positionen der letzten 60 Jahre und bewertet sie kritisch. Es wird untersucht, welche Bedeutung die Kulturadäquanz zur Lösung heutiger Konflikte zwischen Glaubensausübung und widerstreitenden Interessen hat. Abschließend werden alternative Ansätze zur Grenzbestimmung der Religionsfreiheit und deren Eignung diskutiert, gefolgt von einer Empfehlung zur Problemlösung.

Maximilian Reinhardt

"Kulturvölkerformel" und Religionsfreiheit unter dem Grundgesetz

Essay in the subject Law - Public Law / Constitutional Law / Basic Rights, , language: English, abstract: This article provides an overview of the rights of the LGBTQ+ community in the United States and Canada, exploring historical backgrounds, legislative frameworks, and case laws. It examines key issues such as marriage, adoption, military service, and equality laws, considering regional variations within both countries. Constitutional approaches to LGBTQ+ rights are analyzed, along with recommendations for future improvement. By highlighting concepts of equality and human rights, this paper aims to contribute to global discussions on LGBTQ+ rights and discrimination prevention.

Deepayan Acharya

Laws Governing LGBTQ+ Rights in the United States of America and Canada. An Analysis with Comparison

Economic Analysis of Law in European Legal Scholarship

Game theory is a very powerful instrumental framework designed to analyze and solve complicated situations, especially decision-making problems under conditions of uncertainty. Major problems and issues in legal practice and jurisprudence are decision-making problems under conditions of uncertainty, therefore, it seems quite natural to use game theory to solve these problems. Moreover, game theory's solutions for these legal problems and issues are very simple, easily applicable, inexpensive and considered to be fair in comparison to other solutions. The objective of this book is to make game theory in the legal context accessible for the reader, especially for legal practitioners, academics and students, using clear, simple and comprehensive theory, explanations and examples from daily legal practice. The applications in law include analysis of the law, existing and ideal, as well as applications in legal practice. Although game theory is classified as a branch of mathematics, the book is written and designed in a way that no mathematical background is required to fully understand the theory itself and its applications.&nbsp;

Basic Principles and Applications in Law

Game Theory in Legal Context

A leading legal scholar asks a fundamental question: Do we need a theory of constitutional interpretation?

Judicial Craft versus Constitutional Theory

Who Am I to Judge?

Masterarbeit aus dem Jahr 2023 im Fachbereich Jura - Öffentliches Recht / Staatsrecht / Grundrechte, Note: 1,3, FernUniversität Hagen (Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät - Lehrstuhl für Öffentliches Recht,  juristische Rhetorik und Rechtsphilosophie), Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: In der modernen Gesellschaft sind Konflikte allgegenwärtig, sei es auf individueller, zwischenmenschlicher Ebene oder sogar auf institutioneller und behördlicher Ebene. Um diesen Konflikten auf eine konstruktive und außergerichtliche Weise zu begegnen, hat sich die Mediation als ein bewährtes Verfahren etabliert. Ihre Wirksamkeit beruht nicht nur auf einer langen Tradition, sondern auch auf dem Prinzip der Vertraulichkeit, das ihr zugrunde liegt.Die Vertraulichkeit ist ein wesentliches Merkmal der Mediation, das den Beteiligten ein geschütztes Umfeld bietet, um offen über ihre Anliegen zu sprechen und gemeinsam nach Lösungen zu suchen. Doch diese Vertraulichkeit steht oft im Spannungsfeld mit dem berechtigten Interesse der Öffentlichkeit, insbesondere der Presse, an Informationen über staatliches Handeln und Konfliktlösungsverfahren.Die vorliegende Arbeit setzt sich mit diesem Spannungsverhältnis auseinander und untersucht die Fragestellungen: Inwieweit können sich aus der Vertraulichkeit der Mediation Grenzen für den presserechtlichen Auskunftsanspruch ergeben? Welche Auswirkungen ergeben sich daraus für die Durchführung von Mediationsverfahren mit Beteiligung von Behörden oder anderen staatlichen Stellen?Um diesen Fragen gerecht zu werden, wird zunächst das Prinzip der Vertraulichkeit in der Mediation näher betrachtet, einschließlich seiner Bedeutung im Kontext anderer wesentlicher Prinzipien dieses Verfahrens. Anschließend erfolgt eine Darstellung des presserechtlichen Auskunftsanspruchs, wobei Umfang und Grenzen dieses Anspruchs im Fokus stehen.Darauf aufbauend wird untersucht, wie sich die Vertraulichkeit der Mediation auf den Auskunftsanspruch der Presse auswirkt und welche Konsequenzen sich daraus für die Praxis ergeben. Dabei werden mögliche Lösungsansätze für den Umgang mit dieser Thematik diskutiert.Es ist zu beachten, dass diese Arbeit sich auf Bundes- und Landesrecht beschränkt und ausschließlich den Auskunftsanspruch der Presse betrachtet. Andere Medien und Auskunftsansprüche bleiben außerhalb des Untersuchungsgegenstandes.

Christian Weber

Balance zwischen Vertraulichkeit und Öffentlichkeit. Auswirkungen des presserechtlichen Auskunftsanspruchs auf die Vertraulichkeit der Mediation

This book examines the history, theories and legal principles underpinning the rules and practice of civil litigation in England and Wales. English civil procedure has been the object of renewed interest in the last 20 years since Lord Woolf proposed and implemented reforms of the civil justice system on a scale unequalled since the mid-19th century. Focusing on the overarching theoretical framework of civil procedure, this book provides a rigorous contextual analysis of the rules and practice of civil litigation in England and Wales and identifies the applicable rule of process and its rationale and connection to these rules and determines the scope of judicial discretion and regulatory flexibility. Chapter 1 sets out the core themes of the work, Chapter 2 provides the important historical background to modern English rules of court. Chapter 3 focuses on the rules of court as addressed to and concerning the litigant. This chapter therefore presents the 'fundamental principles' as the 'promises' by the state to litigants, that their rights will be enforced. It addresses the nature of a civil lawsuit and of the right to sue itself, whether private, that is, part of the litigant's "estate" either directly or as an extension of his other property at stake, or public, as the forum for the determination of the substantive law albeit in an individualized context. This also includes a discussion of the need for - or existence of, in all but name - separation between civil and administrative adjudication. Chapter 4 identifies the current theories of justice determining the function of the civil court in English law and their application to discrete moments of litigation but from the perspective of the way in which the judges conducting the litigation have their role and power reflected and amplified in the rules. Chapters 5 and 6 addresses the nature of the result of litigation, primarily the judgment (but also other types of final adjudicative decisions) and its characters, and the possibilities and nature of appeals in the current system. Chapter 7 considers the result of litigation in the notoriously difficult and uneven area of enforcement of final judgments.

Public and Private Functions of the English Court

Civil Procedure

Publisher's Weekly praised Black Mondays: "Unlike Thurgood Marshall's opinion in the foreword that the framers of the nstitution should be blamed for its inequities and compromises involving slavery and women, constitutional authority Joseph asserts that its misinterpretation by Supreme Court justices, rather than the document itself, was responsible for such erroneous decisions as the Dred Scott case, which, he alleges, helped precipitate the Civil War. The case is among what he considers the court's 20 "worst" decisions as selected by legal associations and law professors, either because they reflect poor reasoning or adversely affect the freedom of citizens. The cases and the cited dissents, which make instructive reading, concern freedom of religion, association, speech, right to privacy, equal protection under the law, criminal rights and access to justice. Included are the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson 'Jim Crow' case, and the Il internment of citizens of Japanese origin, Georgia sodomy laws, Ralph Ginzburg's obscenity conviction and a June 1987 decision involving an FBI search of a black family in their Minnesota home, which, in the author's view, undercuts the Fourth Amendment guarantee of liberty and privacy." 
Israeli Supreme Court Justice Eliezer Rivlin called Black Mondays "A masterpiece."
Black Mondays includes 50 of the worst decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court, from Dred Scot to Trump v. United States.

Black Mondays Sixth Edition

A leading legal scholar asks a fundamental question: Do we need a theory of constitutional interpretation? &nbsp; Do we need a theory of constitutional interpretation? It is a common argument among originalists that however objectionable you may find their theory, at least they have one, whereas their opponents do not have any theory at all. But as Mark Tushnet argues, for most of the Supreme Court’s history, including some of its most exceptional periods, the Court operated without a theory. In this book, Tushnet shows us what a constitutional theory actually is; what judges need from it and why they probably can’t get what they need; and the great harm that results when judges allow theory to dictate bad policy. It is not theory that matters, Tushnet argues. The vitally important, indispensable quality in a judge is good judgment.

Contemporary Debates

Examining the Facts

Political Control of America's Courts

Originalism and Judicial Discretion. A Critical Analysis of Constitutional Interpretation in the United States

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