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Law and Criminology (R0)

Marta Ostrowska

The Principle of Proportionality, Solvency II and Captives

&lt;p&gt;Chapter 1: Introduction.- Part I: The Principle of Proportionality.- Chapter 2: On Proportionality, Legal Principles and Proportionality as a Legal Principle.- Chapter 3: On the Principle of Proportionality within the European Insurance Regulation.- Part II: The Captives.- Chapter 4: On the Concept of Insurance and Reinsurance Captives and their Regulation. The Need for Proportionality.- Chapter 5: On the Proportionality within the European Re-Insurance Captive Regulation: Analysis of Effectiveness of Proportionality for the Re-Insurance Captive.- Chapter 6: Conclusions.&lt;/p&gt;


Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice

Asymmetric Jurisdiction and Arbitration Agreements

The Freedom and Limits of International Choice of Forum

Routledge Practical Textbooks in Shipping Management

Shipping moves over 90% of global trade, yet for many, the industry remains unseen. Introduction to Shipping brings this vast and vital world into focus with a clear, practical, and engaging guide.The book builds a solid foundation by linking key participants, transactions, operations, and legal elements into one cohesive narrative. Complex concepts are broken down step by step, ensuring accessibility for beginners while offering depth and relevance for professionals. Balancing theory with practice, Introduction to Shipping also addresses the industry's most pressing developments, from digitalization and AI-driven logistics to green shipping technologies and evolving environmental challenges.Whether you are a student taking your first steps into the field or a practitioner seeking to sharpen and systematize your knowledge, Introduction to Shipping serves as a vital reference to the forces driving global trade.

A Modern Guide to Maritime Shipping Industry

Introduction to Shipping

SpringerBriefs in Law

Engineered Living Materials (ELMs) have emerged as one of the most promising and conceptually disruptive technological developments at the intersection of biotechnology, materials science, and engineering. Over the past decade, they have attracted growing attention from researchers, policymakers, and funding bodies, culminating in high-profile recognition such as recognition among the Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 2025 by the World Economic Forum by the OECD in its forecasting as a foundational technological development that will reach maturity in the next 5-10 years. Within the European Union, the European Innovation Council has explicitly identified ELMs as a strategic priority, supporting their development through targeted funding initiatives aimed at positioning Europe at the forefront of this still-nascent technological domain. At the same time, ELMs challenge the conceptual and institutional foundations of existing regulatory frameworks. By integrating living cells into functional materials, ELMs blur traditional distinctions between products and processes, organisms and objects, and biological and industrial systems. Many ELMs rely on genetic engineering, often through new genomic techniques such as CRISPR-based mutagenesis, placing them squarely within the scope of European Union legislation governing genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs). These regulatory regimes, however, were largely designed in the late 1990s and early 2000s with agricultural biotechnology and food safety in mind. The central question addressed in this study is therefore whether the current EU regulatory framework is capable of accommodating ELMs in a way that ensures safety while also fostering innovation and investment. The book adopts an interdisciplinary methodology to assess how this regulatory framework interacts with the development of ELMs. Doctrinal legal analysis is used to map the scope, structure, and internal logic of EU legislation governing GMOs, GMMs, food law, medicinal products, and environmental release. This is complemented by an economic analysis based on real options theory, which examines how regulatory uncertainty, approval delays, and compliance costs affect incentives to invest in ELM-related innovation. By combining these approaches, the authors aim to move beyond abstract legal interpretation and to assess how regulation operates “in action,” particularly from the perspective of innovators and investors.

Prospects for Investments and Innovation

Law and Economics of Regulation of Engineered Living Materials in the EU

History, System and Functions

The General Provisions of the Law of Obligations

Whistleblowers: Voices of Justice

The Law Relating to International Banking and Capital Markets addresses the key legal issues associated with international banking and debt issues in capital markets. This book provides a detailed analysis of the legal concerns relating to the lending of money, whether by way of: - Term loans - Syndicated lending - The transferring of a bank's interest in a loan - Bond issues - Asset backed securitisation - Derivative contracts including the contractual issues arising, with consideration being given to the ISDA (2002) Master Agreement and an analysis on how to complete the Schedules thereto It also covers choice of law, jurisdiction, sovereign risk, contractual remedies, exchange controls and legal opinions. The Third Edition has been updated to include the changes following the UK's departure from the EU, to the methodology for calculating interest rates with LIBOR being replaced by SONIA and EURIBOR with ?STR, changes to the securitisation and derivatives markets and the usual gradual evolution of case law and financial regulation in the area as a whole. This is essential reading for anyone wishing to gain a perspective on these transactions, including banking lawyers, bankers, academics and postgraduate students. This title is included in Bloomsbury Professional's Banking and Finance Law online service.

The Law Relating to International Banking and Capital Markets

This book offers a comparative legal analysis of data protection frameworks in three of Asia’s most influential jurisdictions: China, Japan, and South Korea. As data privacy becomes a universal legal concern, regional approaches remain deeply shaped by divergent legal traditions, economic strategies, and governance philosophies. This volume examines how each country balances the competing interests of individual privacy, economic innovation, and public security in crafting and enforcing data protection laws. &nbsp;
Focusing on four major themes—(1) General Frameworks, (2) Biometric Data, (3) Artificial Intelligence, and (4) Cross-Border Data Transfers—the book explores how these countries address some of the most pressing and complex challenges in contemporary data protection law. Each chapter is written by legal scholars or practitioners with deep regional knowledge and comparative perspectives, offering both doctrinal analysis and practical insights drawn from real-world regulatory and litigation contexts.
Chapter 5 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

The Evolution of Data Protection Laws in China, Japan, and Korea

This book focuses on contemporary problems related to fraud and risk in commercial law.

It has been said by some that we are in a 'golden age of fraud'. In part this has been caused by globalisation, technological changes and the financialisation of business. This has resulted in the creation of automated linkages with integrated supply chains and the creation of systemic risks, which have been exacerbated by new forms of intangible assets like tokens and their ease of movement. While regulation has ebbed and flowed given the desire of governments to generate economic growth, as well as the distrust of their coercive powers, the courts have sought to strike a balance between considerations such as commercial certainty and fairness.

The book provides an analysis of key contemporary issues on the theme of fraud and risk in commercial law, including: technology and fraud, secondary liability and 'failure to prevent' economic crime, abuse of business entities, insolvency and creditor protection, injunctions and other orders, cross-border issues, the relationship between regulation and private law, and solutions for policy makers.

Fraud and Risk in Commercial Law

An empirical analysis and new theoretical framework for understanding economic expectations and decision-making in different historical settings. Expectations play a crucial role in shaping economic behavior. But how are expectations actually formed, and how has this changed over time? The financial crisis of 2007–08 cast doubt on traditional theories of expectation formation, particularly the rational expectations framework. In Contingent Expectations, Alexander Nützenadel and Jochen Streb examine the ways that past experiences influence the economic expectations and decision-making of households, investors, and policymakers through history, and offer an alternative perspective. Combining a comprehensive empirical analysis of expectation formation from the eighteenth century to the present day with an assessment of the relevant economic theory, Nützenadel and Streb present a new theoretical framework, contingent expectations, for understanding economic expectation. Nützenadel and Streb show how economic actors developed new forecasting methods in response to rising uncertainty brought on by the Industrial Revolution, the expansion of global trade, financial market integration, and environmental crises. Tracing the evolution of economic theories on expectations, they find that when growing market volatility made forecasting more complex, economic agents often adapted with remarkable flexibility to changing circumstances. Challenging prevailing concepts of expectations, including rational choice and adaptive expectations, Nützenadel and Streb emphasize the heterogeneity of economic agents’ cognitive practices—in particular, the need to consider variation in information costs and historical experience. Expectation formation, they argue, is contingent on each individual’s current decision-making situation. Their account of the history of economic expectations has significant implications for current debates in economics.

Uncertainty, Risk, and Economic Behavior in Historical Perspective

Contingent Expectations

Artificial Intelligence and the Rule of Law

This book addresses the pressing problem of legal ambiguity surrounding the copyright of AI-generated works. The core issue is the lack of clear legal guidelines and standards for determining the copyright status of AI-generated works, ownership rights, and the attribution of these rights among the developers of AI technologies, users, and possibly the AI entities themselves. The ultimate goal is to propose a legal framework that can support innovation and creativity in the AI space while ensuring that intellectual property rights are respected and protected. This balance is of great importance for encouraging the continued development of AI technologies and their application across various sectors. It is crucial that creators, both human and AI, can coexist in a manner that benefits society as a whole. By dissecting these issues, the book aims to clarify the current legal stance in China, compare it with international standards, and offer insights into potential future directions for law and policy.

The book is designed to serve as a valuable resource for legal scholars, practitioners in copyright law, policymakers involved in legislative reform, and technologists interested in the legal implications of AI development. The target audience includes those who seek to understand the evolving relationship between copyright law and artificial intelligence, and to identify the need for laws that effectively address the copyright challenges posed by AI while promoting innovation and creativity.&nbsp;

Copyright Issues Related to Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI)

New Challenges, Current Issues and Innovative Approaches

General Theory of Law

Resilient and Friendly Living Environments

This book provides a systematic review of the content of children’s rights protection in the international legal system and focuses on analysing China’s compliance as a party to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. By detailing a number of authoritative laws, including the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China and the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Minors, the book systematically comprehends the specific application and practical effects of Chinese law in the protection of children’s rights. In addition, this book focuses on the new challenges faced by children in the context of rapid economic and social development and explores in depth how China’s legal system responds to the new demands for children’s welfare and protection of their rights and interests. The importance of this book lies in the fact that it not only demonstrates the unique contribution of the Chinese legal system to the welfare and protection of children’s rights and interests, but also highlights China’s comprehensive approach to child protection. Through the implementation of the ‘six-in-one’ child protection framework of family, school, society, government, justice and the Internet, this book comprehensively covers the multidimensional environment in which children grow up, reflecting China’s systematic and synergistic approach to child protection. The issues that this book intends to address include how to effectively protect children’s rights in a rapidly changing socio-economic environment, and to provide practical guidance on child protection through comprehensive analyses of Chinese law and policy. Through comprehensive analyses of legal policies, practical cases and international experiences, this book presents readers with a three-dimensional and dynamic picture of child rights protection, which is of great academic value and practical significance. The target audience includes domestic and international legal scholars, policy makers, social workers, educators, as well as researchers and practitioners interested in child rights protection. This book not only provides an important reference for child protection work in China, but also provides valuable experience and guidance for research and practice in the field of child rights protection in countries around the world.

The Legal System for the Protection of Children's Rights in China

The Principle of Proportionality, Solvency II and Captives

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