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History (R0)

Wyatt Wells

Financial Politics in the United States in the 1890s

The Golden Web

&lt;p&gt;Ch 1: Introduction.- Ch 2: Context.- Ch 3: The Politics of Silver.- Ch 4: The End of Compromise.- Ch 5: The Economics of Gold.- Ch 6: The Battle of the Standards.- Ch 7: The Triumph of Gold.- Ch 8: Conclusion.&lt;/p&gt;

'Entertaining and vivid... This is a gripping account of an intriguing and little-known Cold War moment' OBSERVER'Reads like a thriller' THE SUNThe astonishing story of the ten million books that were smuggled across the Iron Curtain during the Cold War.For almost five decades after the Second World War, Europe was divided by the longest and most heavily guarded border on earth. The Iron Curtain, a near-impenetrable barrier of wire and wall, tank traps, minefields, watchtowers and men with dogs, stretched for 4,300 miles from the Arctic to the Black Sea. No physical combat would take place along this frontier: the risk of nuclear annihilation was too high for that. Instead, the conflict would be fought in the psychological sphere. It was a battle for hearts, minds and intellects.No one understood this more clearly than George Minden, the head of a covert intelligence operation known as the 'CIA books programme', which aimed to win the Cold War with literature.From its Manhattan headquarters, Minden's global CIA 'book club' would infiltrate millions of banned titles into the Eastern Bloc, written by a vast and eclectic list of authors, including Hannah Arendt and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, George Orwell and Agatha Christie. Volumes were smuggled on trucks and aboard yachts, dropped from balloons, and hidden in the luggage of hundreds of thousands of individual travellers. Once inside Soviet bloc, each book would circulate secretly among dozens of like-minded readers, quietly turning them into dissidents. Latterly, underground print shops began to reproduce the books, too. By the late 1980s, illicit literature in Poland was so pervasive that the system of communist censorship broke down, and the Iron Curtain soon followed.Charlie English tells this true story of spycraft, smuggling and secret printing operations for the first time, highlighting the work of a handful of extraordinary people who risked their lives to stand up to the intellectual strait-jacket Stalin created. People like Miroslaw Chojecki, an underground Polish publisher who endured beatings, force-feeding and exile in service of this mission. And Minden, the CIA's mastermind, who didn't waver in his belief that truth, culture, and diversity of thought could help free the 'captive nations' of Eastern Europe. This is a story about the power of the printed word as a means of resistance and liberation. Books, it shows, can set you free.

The Best-Kept Secret of the Cold War

The CIA Book Club

College Test Preparation

PREMIUM PRACTICE FOR A PERFECT 5—WITH THE BESTSELLING AP U.S. HISTORY BOOK ON THE MARKET! Ace the digital AP U.S. History Exam&nbsp;with this&nbsp;comprehensive study guide. Includes 6 practice exams with answer explanations, timed online practice, and thorough content review. The Princeton Review's AP U.S. History Premium Prep is a one-stop-shop guide that will help you prep for the exam with confidence. In this book, you'll get: The Princeton Review Expertise <ul><li>Study with prep and practice written entirely by AP educators</li><li>Learn test-taking strategies backed by 40+ years of test prep success&nbsp;</li><li>Focused, supportive lessons designed and perfected by experts</li></ul> Everything You Need for a High Score <ul><li>Comprehensive review of all topics on the new digital exam</li><li>Detailed coverage of the short-answer and source-based multiple-choice questions</li><li>In-depth guidance on the document-based and long essay questions</li></ul><ul><li>A diagnostic key to customize a study plan that targets areas of improvement</li><li>Access to online digital flashcards to review core content, plus study plans and more via your online Student Tools</li></ul> Premium Practice for AP Excellence <ul><li>6 full-length practice tests (3 in the book, 3 online) with detailed answer explanations</li><li>Select online tests provided as two formats: digitally (with timer option to simulate exam experience) and as downloadable PDFs (with interactive elements mimicking the exam interface)</li><li>Practice drills at the end of each content review chapter, plus step-by-step walk-throughs of sample exam questions</li></ul>

6 Practice Tests + Digital Practice Online + Content Review

Princeton Review AP U.S. History Premium Prep, 26th Edition

Encounters: in 50 Objects

Exploring medieval economy through its artifacts, this book presents 50 object biographies that illuminate daily life, economic ethics, production, trade, and finance, offering a tangible perspective on the systems of the long medieval period.Combining the expertise of three historians and an archaeologist, this book bridges abstract theory with the material realities of the past. This volume examines fifty diverse artifacts, including tally sticks, tools, glassware, and coins, to provide a human-centered understanding of the commercial revolution, agricultural innovations, and the emergence of a consumer society between 500 and 1600. The content is organized into five parts, focusing on economic thought, production, distribution, finance, and everyday life. Empowering students to integrate material culture as a crucial primary source, the book reveals the evolving mentalities and innovative practices that shaped medieval economic behaviour and laid the foundations of our modern world.Encounters: Medieval Economy in 50 Objects is written for a broad audience, including undergraduate and postgraduate students in history, archaeology, and art history who are seeking a tangible, source-based approach to medieval economy. It is an essential resource for instructors looking for a modular, object-oriented teaching tool that connects material culture with economic theory, providing a refreshing alternative to traditional text-heavy histories. Museum professionals, heritage specialists, and history enthusiasts will also find its accessible narrative and focus on "object biographies" invaluable for contextualizing collections and understanding how everyday items drove the transition to a modern consumer society.

Encounters: Medieval Economy in 50 Objects

A bold retelling of the story of capitalism that blends fiction and fact to upend 250 years of economic orthodoxy. For a quarter of a millennium, Adam Smith’s invisible hand, ghostly and bloodied, has written the script of our lives. Everyman makes the ethereal ink in which it is etched legible by embodying the solitary, self-interested homo economicus as Neo. Telling the tale as a novel, Everyman traces global capitalism’s arc from boom to bust through its key characters: economics’ textbook “rational actor,” Neo, and his reckless apostles—model “finance bro,” Finn; ambassador of globalization, Davos; envoy to distant lands, Wash; and the quintessence of the tech industry, Tek. In a dazzling saga spanning generations and continents, Neo’s epic journey takes us from Chicago to New York to London, from Wall Street to Burning Man, from the factories of the Rust Belt to the farmlands of India, introducing us to the economic minds and political figures who have shaped our world, everyday people, and even runaway monsters. An entertaining magical realist romp, Everyman touches on the most significant economic events in global history, from the Great Depression to the 2008 Financial Crisis, Britain’s Brexit vote to the inexorable rise of populism globally. Drawing on moral psychology, philosophy, evolutionary biology, and beyond, it animates the possibilities for how we might build on our capacity for cooperation to reinvent our broken institutions—and ourselves. By breaking form to ignite our moral imaginations, it presents a vision for rewriting our modern-day mythology, our economic theory. Everyman asks: by recasting economics strawman protagonist as a flesh-and-blood character, can we turn the plot of our lives from an inevitable tragedy to a redemption story and alter the destiny of our civilization?

The Untold Story of Economics

Everyman

Palgrave Studies in the History of Finance

This book offers a comprehensive and authoritative survey of the tontine, an innovative financial instrument conceived and implemented in various settings throughout Georgian and early Victorian Britain.The book draws on meticulous historical research including archival sources, account books and newspaper texts to present a coherent analysis of the origins and development of tontines in the United Kingdom. It shows how tontines differed from other forms of financing and offered an innovative approach to funding large infrastructure projects, with new dynamics in shareholding and investing, as well as introducing the concept of private development of public infrastructure. The book presents multiple case studies from the period and compares different types of tontines, such as government-run tontines and private holdings companies, and discusses the failures and challenges as well as successes of this new financial tool. The book will be an excellent reference work for scholars in financial and legal history, as well as social historians and those working on urban histories.&nbsp;&nbsp;Kent&nbsp;McKeever
 was the Former Director of the&nbsp;Arthur W. Diamond&nbsp;Law Library, Columbia Law School, Columbia University, from 1994–2019. He published extensively in financial and legal history with a focus on tontines, annuities and eighteenth to nineteenth century public finance.&nbsp;

Studies in the Financial History of Georgian Britain

The Role of Tontines, 1750–1800

This book examines London’s eighteenth–century upholding trade. Primarily providing household furniture and upholstery goods and services at the beginning of the century, by mid-century upholders provided stylish and fashionable residential interior furnishings, funeral undertaking, and a secondary market for used household goods. Upholders were at the forefront of the development of Britain’s material culture, and were important contributors to London’s economic and social fabric. Providing context to the social and business lives of upholders, the author surveys key themes including apprenticeship, livery companies, empire, material culture, consumerism, taste and fashion, advertising, and credit. The book also explores how upholders came to dominate the funeral undertaking business, and integrated brokering, appraising, and auctioneering into their businesses.

Adapting to the economic changes and interior furnishing trends that took place in the first half of the eighteenth century, many upholders expanded their business lines. While consumer demand increased for household goods, so too did the widespread use of personal credit, which ultimately led to an increase in upholder bankruptcies after 1760. Through two case studies of financially successful upholders, the book sheds light on diverse topics such as the East India Company, banking, royal household tradesmen, and military contracting, to create an intricate understanding of their experiences. Offering new insights into the business, social, and personal lives of London’s upholders, this book demonstrates how they were instrumental in creating a new domestic commerce in eighteenth-century Britain.

A New Domestic Commerce

The Eighteenth–Century London Upholder

In three decades under the leadership of Kenneth Roth, Human Rights Watch conducted investigations in 100 countries to uncover abuses - and pressured offending governments to stop them. Roth has grappled with the worst of humanity, taken on the most ruthless oppressors of our time, and persuaded leaders from around the globe to stand up to their repressive counterparts. The son of a Jew who fled Nazi Germany just before the war began, Roth grew up knowing full well how inhumane governments could be. He has travelled the world to meet cruelty and injustice on its home turf: he arrived in Rwanda shortly after the genocide; scrutinized the impact of Saddam's invasion of Kuwait; investigated and condemned Israel's mistreatment of Palestinians. He directed efforts to curtail the Chinese government's persecution of Uyghur Muslims, to bring Myanmar's officials to justice after the ethnic cleansing of Rohingya Muslims, to halt Russian war crimes in Ukraine, even to rein in the U.S. government. Roth's many innovations and strategies included the deployment of a concept as old as mankind - the powerful tool of 'shaming' - and here he illustrates its surprising effectiveness against evildoers. This is a story of wins, losses, and ongoing battles in the ceaseless fight for a more decent world.

Three Decades on the Front Lines Battling Abusive Governments

Righting Wrongs

This book analyses how preindustrial monetary practices functioned, focusing on Europe and some selected colonial areas between the fourteenth and twentieth centuries.&nbsp; It explores the major contexts in which monetary circulation operated and provides a fascinating range of case studies from experts in the field.
A primary context for this edited volume is the raft of challenges associated with cash in the preindustrial period. Covering issues such as the slow circulation of coins, the risk of debasement, clipping, the first proto currency, and parallel circulation of several currencies, the book offers insight into the ways in which people dealt with the need to transact and exchange payment. It focuses on cash-equivalent goods and commodity currencies as well as traditional cash methods, looking at the physical development of money as well as exploring the structure of payment methods and financial systems in past societies.
Grounded in extensive archival research, chapters use a range of sources such as notary deeds, wills, rent-books, expenditure accounts and public ledgers to analyse the dynamics of circulation and transaction in various settings, from the city to the countryside, regional to international contexts, and different European states. This will be highly valuable reading for scholars interested in financial and monetary history.

Forms and Practices in Europe and the Colonial World from 14th to 20th Century

Monetary and Non-Monetary Payment Systems

This book examines the influence and strategic efforts of the Comintern, the agency created in 1919 by Lenin to promote world revolution, during the Spanish civil war. The author explores how Soviet actors took control of the War Commissariat and the Republican Government’s foreign radio broadcast service, in order to craft and diffuse an interpretation of the conflict that would serve Soviet foreign policy interests. This effective infiltration and control, contrary to a significant scholarly consensus, was not an accidental by product, but the result of careful planning and execution. Challenging dominant interpretations of the Spanish Civil War, the author reveals how the Comintern's internal assessment of the nature of the war was in fact, in stark contrast with the evolving public narrative it promoted from July 1936. Rather than a genuine effort to combat fascism and ‘defend the democratic republic,’ the strategy of the Soviet government in the Spanish Civil War was specifically designed to drive a wedge between capitalist and 'imperialist' powers, thereby hindering the formation of a much-feared 'all-imperialist, all-capitalist' military alliance against the USSR. With chapters delving into key topics such as the manipulation of public narratives, the strategic deployment of propaganda, and the construction of memory, this book presents new insights for scholars of the Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and collective memory studies.

Crafting Public Narrative

Soviet Strategy in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–39

Public financial management (PFM) has gone through a period of intense change since the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2008-2009 and its aftermath. These developments include the financial response to surging global debt, climate and gender considerations, fiscal transparency, fiscal risks, public investment, and digitalization and AI. At the same time, many of the basics of fiscal policy, financial management, budgeting, accounting, and cash and debt management remain in place. This anthology of collected work, first published through the PFM blog hosted by the IMF, describes these key developments from 2008 to 2025 and organizes them by topic. The book tells the story of these changes and their impact, and will be of interest to policymakers, public finance practitioners, scholars, advisors, and financial historians.Richard Allen
 is a senior consultant and global adviser on public finance. He has advised finance ministers and governments in more than 90 countries worldwide. Richard has held senior positions at HM Treasury, the Board of the European Investment Bank, the OECD, the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank, and the IMF.
 Sailendra Pattanayak
 is currently Division Chief at the Fiscal Affairs Department of the IMF. He has advised a wide range of countries of all income levels on public financial management issues, and has led policy and analytical work on fiscal transparency, GovTech/digitalization, fiscal governance, treasury management, and fiscal risks.

An Anthology of PFM Blogs

Public Financial Management since the Global Financial Crisis

Markets are unpredictable, but your strategy doesn’t have to be. This revised and expanded edition of Global Shocks equips individual investors with a practical framework for navigating financial crises and market shocks. Written from a practitioner’s perspective, it offers clear guidance and real-world insights to help you protect and grow your portfolio when volatility strikes.
Through 12 compelling case studies—from the collapse of Bretton Woods to the COVID pandemic and recent trade tensions—you’ll learn how crises unfold, how policymakers respond, and how investors can position for resilience and opportunity. Explore patterns in interest and exchange rates, understand the difference between currency crises and asset bubbles, and discover strategies to limit losses and capitalize on recovery.
Timely lessons. Actionable strategies. A must-read for anyone investing in uncertain times.

An Investment Guide for Turbulent Markets

Global Shocks

A new history of the idea of Europe from Ancient Greece to the present 'A magisterial history, written with great panache, that is both enlightening and deeply readable. A true tour de force - Peter Frankopan What do we talk about when we talk about Europe? Is it defined by geography? Or is it politics, or shared culture? In Europe, award-winning historian Roderick Beaton tells the story of Europe as never before - as the history of an idea, and a collective identity. Since its dramatic birth in ancient Greece, 'Europe' has been defined, and redefined, by its people. Through this powerful lens, and with the narrative drive and scope of a novelist, Beaton deftly surveys Europe's major historical developments: the rise and fall of Rome; the explosion of Christianity; the intellectual ferment of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment; the arrival of Europeans in the Americas; the violent upheavals of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; and the uncertainties of the present. Throughout, original sources allow the voices of the past, from Tacitus to Thatcher, to speak for themselves. Grappling with the multilayered identities that have always come with being European, Europe places the Europe of today in a long arc of history stretching back more than 2,500 years.

A New History

Europe

Financial Politics in the United States in the 1890s

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