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Dopsch A: The Economic and Social
Foundations of European Civilization

The Economic and Social Foundations of European Civilization

A challenge to incentivization as a dominant framework for understanding and governing people From corporate management and consumer behavior to public health and climate policy, incentives are widely treated as a neutral and effective way to shape how people act. In this book, Guus Dix shows that incentives are not simple policy nudges; they lull us into a passive understanding of ourselves as being merely responsive to changes others make to our environment. They foster a politics of incremental tweaks to a socially and ecologically destructive economic system that we are expected to accept without question. Dix argues that it is time to challenge the reign of incentives in contemporary science and public life. Dix traces the evolution of the incentive, from the engineering of performance charts and rewards for factory workers to combating gridlock at Britain’s National Health Service. He describes the function of incentives under socialism, theories of adjustment incentives developed at the Harvard Business School to manage employees, and incentivizing whole economies—both socialist and capitalist. He shows that incentivization is a distinct way of wielding power. Incentives have become part of a quasi-universal governing philosophy that keeps us from addressing such major issues as poverty and the climate crisis. Finally, Dix analyzes the limits of incentivization, arguing that being governed by incentives keeps us from considering government policies that have the potential to bring about meaningful and transformative change.

A Critical History of a Powerful Idea

Incentives

Palgrave Studies in African and Development Economics

Latecomer Advantage Theory in an Extended Timeframe

Qin and Rome as Latecomers of the Ancient World

In striking black-and-white portraits, dozens of survivors of Michigan's cruel sentencing of children to life without parole-now free adults-are portrayed with irrepressible dignity&nbsp; 
 
The United States is the only country in the world that sentences children to serve time in adult prisons without the possibility of parole. The portrayal of children in conflict with the law, particularly children of color, as inherently threatening, dangerous, and adult-like has been key to denying these youth a second chance and foundational in justifying their cruel and excessive punishment in the criminal legal system.. 
 
In&nbsp;Morning from Now On, LaBelle, himself a survivor of childhood incarceration, cocreates astute and nuanced portraits with more than fifty of the hundreds of people in Michigan incarcerated as children. Accompanying essays provide critical context on the history of and impact on a society that locks away our children. 
 
In witnessing these survivors' yearning for freedom, the obstacles they face upon reentry, as well as the wonder and joy of being reunited with their families and communities, this collection reminds us of their unfathomable losses and calls on us to cherish&nbsp;all&nbsp;our children. 
 
With contributions by Jose Burgos, Bernardine Dohrn, Xavier McElrath-Bey, Timothy Connors, and Alison Leal Parker. 
 
Learn more at the Morning from Now On website.

Portraits of Life after Juvenile Incarceration

Morning from Now On

How the social organization of Europe and China shaped their divergent economic and political trajectories over the past millennium In the eleventh century, when Europe was still backward and poor, China was a rich and sophisticated civilization. Yet Europe became the birthplace of democracy and the Industrial Revolution, driving the Great Enrichment, while China stagnated until the end of the twentieth century and was always ruled by autocracies. Two Paths to Prosperity traces the emergence of two very different social organizations in premodern China and Europe--the clan and the corporation--showing how they were key factors in the economic and political divergence of these two great civilizations. In this landmark book, three leading economists offer a bold new account of why Europe and China evolved along such different trajectories. In the early Middle Ages, public goods like risk sharing, religious worship, education, and conflict resolution were provided by nonstate organizations in both societies. China increasingly relied on kin-based cooperation within clans, while weaker kinship ties in Europe gave rise to corporations such as guilds, universities, and self-governing towns. Despite performing similar functions, clans and corporations were built on very different principles--with lasting consequences until today. Providing a novel answer to a fundamental question in economic and political history, Two Paths to Prosperity shows how extended kinship in Chinese society facilitated the consolidation of autocracy and hindered innovation and economic development, and how corporations in Europe influenced emerging state institutions and set the stage for the Industrial Revolution.

Culture and Institutions in Europe and China, 1000–2000

Two Paths to Prosperity

An incisive collection of discussions on the revolutionary changes currently overtaking the world's industries The fourth industrial revolution is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres, transforming the way industries of all sorts conduct business and interact in the marketplace. The Chemical Industry under the 4th Industrial Revolution: The Sustainable, Digital &amp; Citizens One addresses this newest revolution. It is an insightful and timely book that discusses a variety of scenarios, challenges, and impacts of the fourth industrial revolution and shows how the chemical industry, critical functional areas, and key markets are responding to it. With contributions from many of the world's leading experts in the chemical industry and adjacent markets, readers will learn how to prepare themselves for the major challenges and opportunities the next revolution is bringing. The book also includes: <ul> <li>A thorough introduction to the fourth industrial revolution, its impact, and the challenges and opportunities it presents</li> <li>Comprehensive explorations of the bioeconomy, circular economy, and feedstock and energy scenarios unique to the fourth industrial revolution</li> <li>Practical discussions of manufacturing, innovation, and technology during the fourth industrial revolution</li> <li>In-depth examinations of geographies, markets, products, and governments, as well as the interplay between human and non-human resources</li></ul>Perfect for industrial chemists and chemical engineers, The Chemical Industry under the 4th Industrial Revolution: The Sustainable, Digital &amp; Citizens One is a must-read resource for anyone seeking a one-stop volume that explores the challenges, changes, and opportunities presented by the fourth industrial revolution.

The Sustainable, Digital & Citizens One

The Chemical Industry under the 4th Industrial Revolution

A dazzling exploration of the phenomenon of prediction betting markets that asks: what happens when democracy becomes another commodity? For many, Donald Trump's decisive election victory over Kamala Harris in 2024 was a shock. Traditional polls had the race on a razor's edge. But, for those with eyes on prediction betting markets, a very different story was being told. In recent years, prediction markets have swept the world, fundamentally changing the nature of the gambling market, and making their youthful pioneers billionaires. Posed as binary 'Yes/No' questions about future events, prediction bets allow any difference of opinion - whether on politics, wars, assassinations or popular culture - to be financialised. But are these markets really a new phenomenon? What does it mean when markets get closer to the truth than the institutions we built to protect us? And what happens when those tasked with safeguarding democracy possess financial stakes in its volatility? From Renaissance Rome, where merchants wagered on papal conclaves, through London coffee house gossip during the Napoleonic Wars, to the Pentagon's ill-fated terrorism futures exchange, The Big Bet describes the full five-hundred-year arc of a permissive regime which no one designed and no one voted for. Drawing on deep expertise, Michael Auerbach examines how these markets are changing our world, and what they mean for the future of our democratic self-governance. Because they are not an anomaly - they are the logical endpoint of a society that has applied market capitalism to every aspect of life. And in a world when everything is a wager and nothing is off limits, knowing where the chips will fall matters more than ever.

Prediction Markets and the Future of Democracy

The Big Bet

The Business of Freedom tells the story of Black enterprise through the lives of the people who built it. Some, like Booker T. Washington and Madam C. J. Walker, are familiar figures in the history of Black business. But many are lesser-known strivers whose ambitions briefly illuminated the possibilities of the age. From the hopeful dawn of emancipation to the bustle of Harlem, award-winning historian Shennette Garrett-Scott follows Black entrepreneurs who carved opportunity out of exclusion to build banks, grocery stores, cotton mills, and real estate empires. Their successes were real, but so were the limits imposed by segregation, unequal access to capital, and the violence that shadowed Black prosperity. The Business of Freedom reveals Black capitalism as a strategy for both individual and collective empowerment-and shows why free enterprise alone could never deliver the freedom its champions promised.

The Golden Age of Black Capitalism

The Business of Freedom

Palgrave Studies in the History of Finance

This volume explores the economic and financial contexts behind a period of large-scale bankruptcies in Europe across the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. With a particular focus on Spanish and Italian case studies, contributions analyse numerous aspects of failure and insolvency during this time.Despite growing contemporary interest in economic crises—particularly in the aftermath of 2008—the history of bankruptcy practices and the responsibilities of financial actors within the context of early globalisation remains largely underexplored. This volume responds to that need, offering a detailed, archivally grounded and theoretically robust investigation into parallels that exist in early modern Europe. Drawing out comparative analyses between modern and early modern financial crises, the book illuminates how early modern states developed systems of guarantees in tandem with the growth of mercantile capitalism, and covers questions including public debt management, financial transparency, the accountability of economic actors, and the relationship between political and economic power. This book will be a fascinating read for scholars of early modern financial and economic history.Giuseppe De Luca
 is Professor of Economic History at the University of Milan and holds a PhD in Economic and Social History from the Bocconi University. He is Honorary Professor at The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, and Associate to the National Research Council of Italy, Institute of History of Mediterranean Europe (ISEM). He is also currently a temporary lecturer in Economics on the Strategic Management MsC at LUISS, Rome.
 Ángel Alloza Aparicio 
 is Senior Researcher at the Spanish National Research Council (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC), where he holds the position of Científico Titular at the Institute of History, within the Center for Humanities and Social Sciences (Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, CCHS) in Madrid.

This volume explores the economic and financial contexts behind a period of large-scale bankruptcies in Europe across the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. With a particular focus on Spanish and Italian case studies, contributions analyse numerous aspects of failure and insolvency during this time.Despite growing contemporary interest in economic crises—particularly in the aftermath of 2008—the history of bankruptcy practices and the responsibilities of financial actors within the context of early globalisation remains largely underexplored. This volume responds to that need, offering a detailed, archivally grounded and theoretically robust investigation into parallels that exist in early modern Europe. Drawing out comparative analyses between modern and early modern financial crises, the book illuminates how early modern states developed systems of guarantees in tandem with the growth of mercantile capitalism, and covers questions including public debt management, financial transparency, the accountability of economic actors, and the relationship between political and economic power. This book will be a fascinating read for scholars of early modern financial and economic history.

Bankruptcies, Defaults and Insolvency Proceedings in Spain and Italy, 16th – 17th Centuries

Merchants, Markets and Wealth in the Early Modern Atlantic World

The Age of Commerce

Contributions to Economics

When Capital Breaks Down, Conflict Breaks Out

War and the Capital Sin

What can a Roman coin, a Chumash shell necklace, and a Bitcoin tell us about world history? This book traces the surprising life of money across centuries and civilizations. The Daily Life of Money in History offers an eye-opening look at how humans have exchanged value across time and cultures. Each of the 150 entries explores a single object-beautifully illustrated and deeply contextualized-to uncover how people bought, sold, traded, saved, and survived through the ages. Designed with researchers, educators, students, and curious readers in mind, this richly visual volume brings together cultural history, economic life, and global exchange in a highly accessible format. Each object includes origin details, historical purchasing power, and its legacy today-making it an ideal reference for classrooms, libraries, and history lovers alike.

The Daily Life of Money in History

The material assembled in this volume offers a deeper insight into Walter Eucken's attitudes, thought, and actions during the darkest years of Germany's history: the period of National Socialism. Although Eucken, like his associates, destroyed potentially incriminating documents after the failed assassination attempt by Count Stauffenberg on Adolf Hitler on July 20, 1944, the surviving texts mark key stages in a process that ultimately led this determined opponent of the Nazi regime - an opponent from the very beginning - into active resistance against Hitler. 
 

 What rendered Eucken immune to National Socialism from the outset was his philosophically grounded abhorrence of the dissolution of the free individual into the collective, as is inherent in all totalitarian, especially 
 völkisch
 (ethno-nationalist) ideologies. His systematic opposition to the Nazi regime began with refusal, open protest, and confrontation, particularly in response to the rapid 
 Gleichschaltung
 (forced coordination) of the universities, Martin Heidegger's rectorship, and the dismantling of academic freedom by the Nazis. Following Germany's invasion of Poland and several ultimately unsuccessful attempts to exert positive influence on the centers of power in Berlin, his resistance culminated in a - necessarily cautious - participation in conspiratorial activities as an advisor and confidant to the plotters. 
 

 The texts in this volume include notes and sketches of ideas, completed manuscripts that remained unpublished during his lifetime, published essays, a transcript of the lecture "Kampf der Wissenschaften," the record of a public discussion with a Nazi district leader, an expert report commissioned by the Reich Ministry of Economics on possible "sources of war financing" at the end of 1939, the academically significant essay "Wettbewerb als Grundprinzip der Wirtschaftsverfassung" prepared within the Academy for German Law, the chapter Eucken authored for the "Primer of Economics" initiated by Carl Goerdeler, as well as the appendix he co-authored to the memorandum "Wirtschafts- und Sozialordnung" of the Bonhoeffer Circle. This memorandum was prepared on behalf of the Confessing Church with a view to a future world church conference planned for the time after the war and the hoped-for overthrow of Hitler. Retrospective additions include, among other things, Eucken's "Notizen über die Haltung der rechts- und staatswissenschaftlichen Fakultät in Freiburg während der Herrschaft des Nationalsozialismus," his funeral oration for his prematurely deceased colleague Adolf Lampe, and drafts for an obituary of Hans Großmann-Doerth, with whom, together with Franz Böhm, Eucken had launched the research program of the Freiburg School: the development of a legal order conceived as an economic constitution, whose fundamental principle would be competition.
 

 These materials make it possible to trace how Eucken, precisely through his confrontation with the rapidly escalating regime of injustice - with the enforced 
 Gleichschaltung
 , the increasing move toward a planned economy, the persecution of the Jews culminating in genocide, the other atrocities of the dictatorship, and the devastating Second World War - was able to sharpen his conception of a "humane and functional order," diametrically opposed to such a cataclysm. Eucken's theoretical design of a competitive order would later provide direction in the postwar years for the establishment of a social market economy in the young Federal Republic of Germany.

Gesammelte Schriften Band II/1

Auflehnung gegen den NS-Staat

The Economic and Social Foundations of European Civilization

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