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: Schweizerische Zivilprozessordnung (Art. 1–352 ZPO sowie Art. 400–408 ZPO)</div>

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Blunden A: Marx's Capital

Marx's Capital

Hegelian Sources

Contents

Preface xi

1 Marx’s Sources 1

1 Hegel’s Theory of Science 1

1.1 The Idea of the True 4

1.2 Hegel’s Social Theory 10

1.3 Right 10

1.4 Morality 11

1.5 The State and Ethical Life 11

2 Marx’s Use of History 12

2.1 Categorical Genealogy 16

3 Marx’s Critique of Ricardo 18

3.1 The Three Sources and Component Parts of Capital 22

2 Capital 23

1 Marx’s Capital Volume One: the Process of Production of Capital 23

1.1 Part I. Commodities and Money 23

1.1.1 Chapter 1 §1, the Two Factors of a Commodity:

Use-Value and Value 23

1.1.2 Summary of Capital, Volume One, Chapter 1 28

1.1.3 Chapter 2. Exchange 29

1.1.4 Chapter 3. Money 30

1.1.5 Summary of Part I 30

1.2 Part II. The Transformation of Money into Capital 31

1.2.1 Chapter 4. The General Formula for Capital 31

1.2.2 Chapter 5. Contradictions in the General Formula

of Capital 33

1.2.3 Chapter 6. The Buying and Selling of Labour-Power 34

1.2.4 Summary of Part II 37

1.3 Part III. The Production of Absolute Surplus-Value 38

1.3.1 Chapter 7. The Labour-Process &amp; Process of Producing

Surplus-Value 38

1.3.2 §2. The Production of Surplus Value 39

1.3.3 Conclusion from Chapter 7 40

1.3.4 Chapter 8. Constant Capital and Variable Capital 41

1.3.5 Chapter 9. The Rate of Surplus-Value 42

1.3.6 Chapter 10. The Working Day 43

1.3.7 Chapter 11. The Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value 43

1.3.8 Summary of Part III 45

1.4 Part IV. The Production of Relative Surplus-Value 47

1.4.1 Chapter 12. The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value 47

1.4.2 Chapter 13. Co-operation 49

1.4.3 Chapter 14. Division of Labour and Manufacture 50

1.4.4 Chapter 15. Machinery and Modern Industry 50

1.5 Part V. The Production of Absolute and of Relative

Surplus-Value 50

1.5.1 Chapter 16. Absolute and Relative Surplus Value 50

1.6 Part VI. Wages 52

1.6.1 The Remaining Parts of Volume One of Capital 52

1.7 Capital Volume One, Conclusion 54

2 Marx’s Capital Volume Two: the Process of Circulation of Capital 59

2.1 Part I. The Metamorphoses of Capital and Their Circuits 60

2.1.1 Chapter 1. The Circuit of Money Capital 60

2.1.2 Chapter 2. The Circuit of Productive Capital 62

2.1.3 Chapter 3. The Circuit of Commodity-Capital 63

2.1.4 Summary of Part I 64

2.2 Part II. The Turnover of Capital 65

2.2.1 Chapter 7. The Turnover Time and Number of

Turnovers 65

2.2.2 Chapter 8. Fixed Capital and Circulating Capital 65

2.3 Part III. The Reproduction and Circulation of Aggregate

Social Capital 66

2.4 Summary of Volume Two 68

3 Marx’s Capital Volume Three: the Process of Capitalist Production

as a Whole 70

3.1 Part I. The Conversion of Surplus-Value into Profit and of the Rate

of Surplus-Value into the Rate of Profit 71

3.1.1 Chapter 1. Cost-Price and Profit 73

3.1.2 Chapter 2. The Rate of Profit 74

3.1.3 Chapter 3. The Relation of Rate of Profit to Rate

of Surplus-Value 74

3.1.4 Chapter 4. The Effect of the Turnover on the Rate

of Profit 74

3.1.5 Chapter 5. Economy in the Employment of Constant

Capital 74

3.1.6 Chapter 6. The Effect of Price Fluctuations 75

3.1.7 Chapter 7. Supplementary Remarks 75

3.2 Part II. Conversion of Profit into Average Profit 75

3.2.1 Chapter 8. Different Compositions of Capitals in

Different Branches of Production and Resulting

Differences in Rates of Profit 75

3.2.2 Chapter 9. Formation of a General Rate of Profit

(Average Rate of Profit) and Transformation of the

Values of Commodities into Prices of Production 76

3.2.3 Chapter 10. Equalisation of the General Rate of Profit

through Competition. Market-Prices and Market-Values.

Surplus-Profit 79

3.2.4 Chapter 11. Effects of General Wage Fluctuations on

Prices of Production 81

3.2.5 Chapter 12. Supplementary Remarks 81

3.3 Part III. The Law of the Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall 83

3.3.1 Chapter 13. The Law as Such 84

3.3.2 Chapter 14. Counteracting Influences 84

3.3.3 Chapter 15. Exposition of the Internal Contradictions of

the Law 85

3.4 Part IV. Conversion of Commodity-Capital and Money-Capital

into Commercial Capital and Money-Dealing Capital

(Merchant’s Capital) 86

3.4.1 Chapter 16. Commercial Capital 86

3.4.2 Chapter 17. Commercial Profit 88

3.4.3 Chapter 18. The Turnover of Merchant’s Capital.

Prices 89

3.4.4 Chapter 19. Money-Dealing Capital 89

3.5 Part V. Division of Profit into Interest and Profit of Enterprise:

Interest-Bearing Capital 90

3.5.1 Chapter 21. Interest-Bearing Capital 90

3.5.2 Chapter 22. Division of Profit. Rate of Interest. Natural

Rate of Interest 93

3.5.3 Chapter 23. Interest and Profit of Enterprise 93

3.5.4 Chapter 24. Externalisation of the Relations of Capital

in the Form of Interest-Bearing Capital 95

3.5.5 Chapter 25. Credit and Fictitious Capital 95

3.5.6 Chapter 27. The Role of Credit in Capitalist

Production 95

3.5.7 Chapter 30–35. Money-Capital and Real Capital 97

3.5.8 Chapter 36. Pre-capitalist Relationships 98

3.6 Part VI. Transformation of Surplus-Profit into Ground-Rent 98

3.6.1 Chapter 37. Introduction 98

3.6.2 Chapter 38–44. Differential Rent 99

3.6.3 Chapter 45. Absolute Ground-Rent 99

3.6.4 Chapter 46. Building Site Rent. Rent in Mining. Price

of Land 100

3.6.5 Summary of Parts V and VI 100

3 Overview and Reflections 102

1 Marx’s Capital: Overview 102

1.1 The Division of the Material by Forms of Ethical Life 102

1.1.1 Bourgeois Society 102

1.1.2 Productive Capitalism 102

1.1.3 Finance Capital 103

1.2 The Logical Division of the Subject Matter 103

1.2.1 The Immediate Production of Capital 103

1.2.2 The Circulation of Capital 104

1.2.3 The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole 105

1.3 Analysis by Units 106

1.3.1 The Commodity (v.1 Part I) 106

1.3.2 The Embryo Capitalist, Moneybags (v.1 Part II) 107

1.3.3 Unpaid Labour Time (v.1 Part III) 107

1.3.4 The Necessary Labour Time (v.1 Part IV) 107

1.3.5 Productive Labour (v.1 Part V) 108

1.3.6 The Day’s Wage (v.1 Part VI) 108

1.3.7 The Circuit of Capital (v.2 Part I) 108

1.3.8 The Turnover Time of Capital (v.2 Part II) 108

1.3.9 The Unity of Circulation and Production

(v.2 Part III) 108

1.3.10 Cost-price and Price of Production (v.3 Part I) 109

1.3.11 The Average Rate of Profit (v.3 Part II) 109

1.3.12 Accumulated Constant Capital (v.3 Part III) 109

1.3.13 The Commercial Capitalist (v.3 Part IV) 109

1.3.14 The Finance Capitalist (v.3 Part V) 109

1.3.15 The Landowner (v.3 Part VI) 110

2 Marx’s Capital: Outstanding Issues 110

2.1 Commodities 111

2.2 Precarity and Gig Work 113

2.3 The Advertising Industry 114

2.4 State Intervention 115

2.5 Summary 116

3 Reflection 116

3.1 The Capital/Logic Debate 116

3.2 My Journey to Capital 117

4 Conclusion 120

References 123

Index 124

Routledge Revivals

First published in 1989, Political Change in Spain provides a stimulating and innovative account of Spain's maturing democracy since 1982. Challenging the accepted wisdom that Spanish democracy is a fragile plant, the author demonstrates its strong roots and healthy growth in the context of the European Community. He argues that, despite the problems of economic transformation, Spain's political attachments to Western Europe suggest that the Spanish economy will benefit in the long run from its increasing integration with its neighbours. The book also analyses the continuing threat to stability posed by separatist aspirations in the Basque country, in the context of the experiments with autonomous regional governments. This book will be valuable to anyone looking for a succinct introduction to changes in Spain, as well as to students of Western European politics, women's studies and the Spanish language.

Political Change in Spain

Political Economy Between Two World Wars

Helene Bauer in Vienna

The Value Creation Ratings 2025 (VCr2025) proof-of-concept focuses on The Sustainable Value Creation of Firms and is an exploratory prototype that assesses 1,000 listed firms from the world's leading stock markets in terms of how their business models create or transfer value.

 
The comprehensive firm-level VCr measurement establishes the proportion of value creation in relation to revenue. A simpler second measurement, the Value Creation Position (VCp), establishes the percentage of value transfers in relation to revenue. The VCr2025 proof-of-concept report is the flagship output of a sister project to the already established Elite Quality Index (EQx2025) that assesses The Sustainable Value Creation of Nations. "Revolutionizing Risk by Weighting Value" drives VCr2025 and represents a uniquely comprehensive approach to double materiality, connecting a firm's value creation and profit optimization with its impact on stakeholders, including customers, suppliers, capital providers, employees, regulators, nature, and academic and research institutions.

 
In short, the VCr reports operationalize sustainability by matching the revenue of firms against their extractive value transfer-IN and inclusive transfer-OUT amounts. Value transfer-IN is "value appropriated but not created," while value transfer-OUT is "value created but not appropriated."

 
A firm's business model is assessed in the VCr2025 proof-of-concept report by 102 Sustainable Value Creation (SVC) Metrics selected because of its value transfer- IN/OUT rationale.

The Sustainable Value Creation of Firms

Value Creation Rating (VCr 2025)

Routledge IAFFE Advances in Feminist Economics

In the wake of the global financial crisis, governments in many countries have imposed widespread cuts in public expenditure and social rights, some of which have been so dramatic that they have been described as 'austericide'. This book explores the financial crisis and the policies implemented in response to it in terms of the differences in the ways in which women and men have been affected by it, using an approach which combines feminist economics and a political economy framework. The book's aim is to question conventional economic theories in order to present more critical and realistic policy approaches. The breadth of the book's exploration of the impact of the cuts, exploring issues such as gender stereotyping and the sustainability of welfare systems, moves it beyond other analyses of gender and the crisis.

In the wake of the global financial crisis, governments in many countries have imposed widespread cuts in public expenditure and social rights, some of which have been so dramatic that they have been described as ‘austericide’. This book explores the financial crisis and the policies implemented in response to it in terms of the differences in the ways in which women and men have been affected by it, using an approach which combines feminist economics and a political economy framework. The book’s aim is to question conventional economic theories in order to present more critical and realistic policy approaches. The breadth of the book’s exploration of the impact of the cuts, exploring issues such as gender stereotyping and the sustainability of welfare systems, moves it beyond other analyses of gender and the crisis.

Austericide in Europe

The Feminist Economics of Austerity

American politics grows embittered because it is increasingly torn between two rival constitutions, two opposed cultures and ways of life. American conservatives rally around the founders' Constitution, as amended and as grounded in the natural and divine rights and duties of the Declaration of Independence. American liberals herald their "living Constitution," a term that implies that the original is dead or superseded, and that the fundamental political imperative is constant change or transformation (as President Obama called it) toward a more and more perfect social democracy ruled by a woke elite.With a new preface addressing the consequences of the 2024 elections, Crisis of the Two Constitutions details how we got to, and what is at stake in, our increasingly divided America, as well as what we should strive to commemorate as the nation approaches its 250th birthday. It describes the political genius of America's founders and their efforts to shape future generations through a constitutional culture that included immigration, citizenship, and educational policies. Then it turns to the attempted progressive reconstruction of America, tracing its accelerating radicalism from the New Deal to the 1960s' New Left to today's unhappy campus nihilists. Finally, the volume appraises American conservatives' efforts, largely unavailing despite many famous victories, to revive the founders' Constitution and moral common sense. From Ronald Reagan to Donald Trump, what have conservatives learned and where should they go from here?Along the way, Charles R. Kesler argues with critics on the left and right, providing in effect a one-volume guide to the increasingly influential Claremont school of conservative thought by one of its most engaged, and engaging, thinkers.

The Rise, Decline, and Recovery of American Greatness

Crisis of the Two Constitutions

First published in 1980, Wealth and The Wealthy in the Modern World looks at the careers of the very wealthy and the extent of wealth-holding and wealth distribution in the major Western nations since the Industrial Revolution.

Wealth and The Wealthy in the Modern World

Rediscovers the economic ideas that built America by offering the most comprehensive treatment of the American protectionist school of economic thought - tracing its origins from Alexander Hamilton and Tench Coxe, and highlighting the School's dynamic, invention-driven vision as a rival to English classical economics.

America's Neglected Protectionist Tradition offers the most comprehensive treatment of the American protectionist school of economic thought - an intellectual tradition which originated with the ideas of Alexander Hamilton and Tench Coxe, and was developed further by thinkers such as Friedrich List, John Rae, and Henry Charles Carey. This work provides the first systematic account of the philosophy and theory of the American protectionist tradition by drawing upon the full corpus of their literature, which includes the writings of nearly seventy statesmen and economists. 
In reconstructing their system of theory, America's Neglected Protectionist Tradition demonstrates that the American protectionists represented a coherent and systematic school of economic thought, and one that rivalled their English classical counterparts. Against the conventional literature on the topic, which treats American Protectionist thought as merely an adaption of English classical economics, this work demonstrates that the American Protectionists developed a distinctive approach to economics. Not only did they differ from the Classicals on the policy recommendations concerning international trade, they rejected basic assumptions of the English classicals which remain foundational to contemporary economic analysis. Central to the thinking of the American protectionist tradition is the idea of the economy as dynamic and inventive. Rather than seeing scarce resources as placing fixed limits on economic progress, the American protectionists looked to invention, human ingenuity, and the diversity of talents and aptitudes as the means of forging the wealth of nations. Among other areas of economic analysis, this work explores the American protectionists' support for economic diversification, which stands in contrast with free trade theory's emphasis on specialisation. By challenging the Classical view that individuals represent homogeneous and uniform factors of production, the protectionists saw mankind as possessing unique talents, aptitudes and dispositions. Protected diversification was thus necessary to allow individuals to exercise these unique qualities. By recovering this neglected tradition, this work not only fills a significant gap in the history of economic thought but also provides valuable historical perspective on contemporary debates regarding trade and industrial policy, technological innovation and economic development.

The Economics that Forged a Nation

America’s Neglected Protectionist Tradition

Oxford Handbooks

This is an open access title. It is available to read and download as a free PDF version on Oxford Academic and is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International licence. The Oxford Handbook of the Moroccan Economy provides the most authoritative and comprehensive analysis of the country's economy to date. Authored by over 50 leading academic scholars and policy practitioners, this volume is comprised of 35 chapters with rigorous empirical evidence and insights bolstered by long-term engagement in the nation. The Handbook offers a vital overview of Morocco's economic development and the policy options available for the future. The Handbook explores Morocco's progress towards economic diversification, structural transformation, and the development of industrial and economic policies. It covers original reviews of sectors including automotive, aeronautics, handicrafts, tourism, and logistics. Furthermore, it emphasises addressing key issues such as the middle-income trap and promoting economic transformation, offering valuable lessons for low- and middle-income countries across Africa and beyond. Morocco is often recognised as one of Africa's economic bright spots. This volume analyses its economic growth from 2000 to 2025, set against the wider historical context of post-independence development, political changes, and cultural heritage. The Handbook encompasses a diverse range of systematic analytical perspectives, making it an indispensable resource for anyone interested in the Moroccan economy.

The Oxford Handbook of the Moroccan Economy

A logistics manager in Dubai reroutes ships through an AI-powered trade platform. A policymaker in Riyadh uses an AI-powered model of the national economy to test how fiscal choices affect growth, spending, and debt. A graduate in Astana is turning to an algorithmic jobs accelerator to find her path in global markets. Across economies and institutions, artificial intelligence is rewriting the rules of decision-making, governance, and value creation. It marks the dawn of a new economic era that is powered by intelligence, driven by insight, and grounded in inclusion. AI Economics is where this transformation takes shape. It represents the fusion of data, technology, and policy into a living system of governance that anticipates shocks, adapts in real time, and empowers people through knowledge and inclusion. This timely book explores how nations can navigate this transformation through ten defining policy questions that range from redesigning labour markets to rethinking trade, fiscal policy, and institutional trust. Each question translates the promise of artificial intelligence into a practical pathway toward a more resilient, adaptive, and participatory governance, where data becomes foresight and foresight becomes action. AI Economics is not about replacing human judgment. It is about reimagining how intelligence, in all its forms, can serve society with precision and purpose. Provocative, precise and visionary, Governing the Future challenges policymakers, economists and citizens alike to rethink how nations govern in the new age of artificial intelligence.

Governing the Future challenges policymakers, economists and citizens alike to rethink how nations govern in the new age of artificial intelligence.

Ten Policy Questions in the Age of AI Economics

Governing the Future

What Everyone Needs To Know®

Why do populists come to power? Are they a threat to democracy? Has the rise of global populism reached its peak, or is it just beginning? This book provides answers to these questions and many more, by summarising in non-technical language the vast research literature on populism that extends across political science, economics, sociology, psychology, and history. Going well beyond the usual cases of Trump and Brexit, Paul D. Kenny provides evidence both of the recurrent global appeal of populism, and of its often deleterious consequences. Populism: What Everyone Needs to Know® advances a new approach to defining populism that helps to make sense of the most robust research findings to date, and that sets up an exciting and dynamic approach in research for the years to come. Populism is, at heart, a political movement that challenges the institutional status quo. The great paradox of populism is that while people are often justifiably resentful of a system they feel is rigged against them, their reliance on charismatic leaders to channel their frustrations usually harms rather than helps democracy.

What Everyone Needs to Know

Populism

Class Conflict, the State, and the World Market

The Political Economy of Oil in Venezuela

Critical Reconstructions of Political Economy, Volume 9

The Political Economy of South Africa Revisited: Tracking and Debating the Minerals-Energy and Financial Complex

Marx's Capital

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