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Zhang Xingliang: Introduction to
Geobiology

Introduction to Geobiology

1 Biological diversity: A geobiological perspective 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Classification of biological entities 1.2.1 Acellular life 1.2.2 Domains of cellular life 1.2.3 Kingdoms of cellular Life 1.3 Diversity of biological metabolism 1.3.1 Metabolic classification of organisms 1.3.2 Photosynthesis 1.3.3 Nitrogen fixation 1.3.4 Chemolithotrophy: energy from oxidation of inorganics 1.3.5 Catabolism 2 Life in extreme environments 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Diversity of extreme environments and extremophiles 2.2.1 Extreme environments 2.2.2 Phylogenic diversity of extremophiles 2.3 Thermophiles 2.4 Psychrophiles 2.5 Acidophiles 2.6 Alkaliphiles 2.7 Halophiles 2.8 Xerophilies 2.9 Radiodurans 2.10 Barophiles 2.11 Tardigrades as a model animal for astrobiology 3 Microbial ecosystems 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 From cell to microbial communities 3.1.2 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 3.1.3 Preservation potential 3.2 Biofilms and Microbial mats 3.2.1. Biofilms 3.2.2 Microbial mats 3.3 Microbial Ecosystem on Earth 3.3.1 Microbial ecosystem in marine settings 3.3.2 Microbial ecosystem in terrestrial settings 3.3.3 Microbial ecosystem in other extreme settings 3.4 Microbial Ecosystem as a model for exploring life beyond 4 Earth as a system and biogeochemical cycles 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Earth system: an overview 4.2.1 A system approach 4.2.2 Energy flows of the Earth system 4.2.3 Three key traits of the Earth system 4.3 Biogeochemical cycles 4.3.1 Concept 4.3.2 Element abundance 4.3.3 Carbon cycle 4.3.4 Oxygen cycle 4.3.5 Nitrogen cycle 4.3.6 Sulfur cycle 4.3.7 Phosphorus cycle 4.3.8 Iron cycle 4.4 Major features of biogeochemical cycles 4.4.1 Diversity of pathways 4.4.2 Variable rates of cycling 4.4.3 The effects of human activity 5 Biomineralization and its origin 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Biominerals and organominerals 5.2.1 Concept and unique characteristics 5.2.2 Major Groups of Biominerals 5.3 Classification of Biomineralization 5.3.1 Biologically Influenced Mineralization (BFM) 5.3.2 Biologically Induced Mineralization (BIM) 5.3.3 Biologically Controlled Mineralization (BCM) 5.4 Principle of Biomineralization 5.4.1 Supersaturation and Nucleation 5.4.2 Amorphous Phase and Solidification 5.4.3 Hierarchical Organization 5.4.4 Genetic and Molecular System 5.4.5 Benefits and Costs 5.4.6 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Biomineralization 5.5 Origin and Evolution of Biomineralization 5.5.1 History of Biomineralization Pathways 5.5.2 On the Origin of Animal Skeletons 5.5.3 Controls on the Onset of Biomineralization 5.5.4 Cambrian Animal Skeletonization: Insights from Molluscs 5.6 Releasing Biomineralization Signatures from Fossils 5.6.1 Diagenesis, Permineralization, and Phosphatization 5.6.2 Recognizing Primary Biomineral Structures 5.6.3 Biomineralization in Phylogenetic Systematics 5.6.4 Skeletal Sediments and Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction 6 Biosedimentation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Biogenic sediments 6.2.1 Carbonates 6.2.2 Siliceous sediments 6.2.3 Phosphatic sediments 6.2.4 Iron sediments 6.3. Biological diagenesis 6.3.1 Biogeochemical zonation of sediment column 6.3.2 Diagenetic mineralization 6.4 Microbially induced sedimentary structures 6.4.1 Definition 6.4.2 Classification 6.4.3 Biological processes in MISS formation 6.4.4 Distribution and Preservation 6.5 Astrobiological implications 7 Bioerosion and Biological Weathering 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Bioerosion 7.2.1 Macroborers 7.2.2 External Grazers and Scrapers (raspers) 7.2.3 Microborers 7.3 Biological Weathering 7.3.1 Biological Mechanisms that Enhance Rock Weathering 7.3.2 Biological Weathering of Silicate Minerals and Rocks 7.3.3 Carbonate Weathering 7.3.4 Sulfide Mineral Oxidation 7.3.5 Insight into Lichen Weathering 7.4 Soil as a classic system of biological weathering 7.4.1 Soil development 7.4.2 Horizons of soil profile 7.4.3 Humus in soils 8 Co-evolution of life and environment 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Earth¿s earliest records and habitability 8.3. Evolution of atmosphere 8.4. Evolution of the ocean 8.5. Evolution of biosphere 8.6. A summary: 4 billion years of co-evolution to one intelligent species 9 Exploring Extraterrestrial Life 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Habitability and Habitable Zone 9.3 Potentially Habitable Worlds Beyond Earth 9.4 Detecting Life beyond Earth 9.4.1 Life Detection 9.4.2 Biosignatures 9.4.3 Case Studies 9.5 Lessons from Explorations

Developing an objects-based approach through detailed engagements with WWII remains on a remote headland of Arctic Norway, this book attempts to unleash archaeology's potential by opting for pasts that resist historical time and reveal the fundamental importance of an archaeology that is other than history. In this book, two leading theoretical archaeologists and the founding figures of what has been called "symmetrical archaeology" turn their attention to the kinds of pasts that archaeology makes possible. This book attempts to unleash archaeology's potential by opting for pasts that largely resist historical time and the tropes of succession and replacement which has defined the discipline for nearly two centuries. Olsen and Witmore take up this task by targeting objects associated with one of the periods most thoroughly studied by historians, World War II. Building on over a decade of archaeological fieldwork and excavation at Sværholt, an erstwhile Wehrmacht artillery battery at the outermost terrestrial edge of continental Europe, they demonstrate precisely what difference archaeology can make with objects routinely saturated by history. Through in-depth archaeological engagements with the prisoner-of-war camp, fishing hamlet, battery, and garrison they offer pasts other than what archaeologists have always assumed to take historical form. Among the innovations of this richly pictorial book is a novel design that begins with the encounter and works toward pasts otherwise. Along the way, the authors articulate new conceptions of presence, patience, waiting, and the post-history of things, also accompanied by text boxes that offer points of pause, reflection and excursus. Through a detailed engagement with what remains above and below the surface, Olsen and Witmore touch on the central problems of archaeological engagement, inference, and interpretation.

An Archaeology of War

Pasts Otherwise

Ancient Environments

A Zoobiography of the Ancient Sea Monster

A Story of Remembering and Forgetting

Every Monument Will Fall

This text bridges freshman introductory texts on archaeology and junior/senior archaeology courses by building students' comfort with some of the tools of archaeological research and how archaeologists make plausible inferences about the past. How do archaeologists learn what happened thousands of years ago when all they have to work with are clusters of broken artifacts or patterns of post holes? Are their explanations any better than theories about ancient civilizations that we see in social media or popular streaming services? This book focuses on the ways archaeologists draw conclusions from evidence, recognizing that those interpretations will change as new evidence comes into play. Readers will learn more about the methods and research strategies that archaeologists use to understand ancient economies, social and political systems, or help date or classify sites, artifacts, or whole societies. The first chapter discusses the nature of inference and explanation in archaeology, or "how archaeologists figure things out." It emphasizes that observations and measurements that archaeologists make are samples subject to various kinds of error, and to future revision in the light of new evidence. Subsequent chapters cover how archaeologists use lithic technology, experiments, and classification, how styles of pottery decoration help us identify social groups, and the intricacies of dating events. The book then turns to social archaeology, from the household scale, through settlements, to landscapes and regions, and mobility and sedentism over such regions. The next two chapters consider research on trade, wealth, status, and mortuary practices. Chapter 11 focuses on food and cuisine, and the last one on the archaeology of labor. There are also 12 exercises, with fictitious case studies from around the world and different research traditions. These build students' confidence in how to interpret data, without any expectation of statistical background. They help students think critically about how to draw reasonable conclusions from what are often rather messy data.

A Guide

Archaeological Reasoning

How Slavery Made the Roman World

Servus

Interdisciplinary and provocative study between an archaeologist and an artist discussing the disciplines' principles, while providing ways to rethink archaeology, the visual arts and the two subjects' shared themes.

Excavation and Contemporary Painting

Disrupting Archaeology and Art

Through a series of case-studies of nine Aegean and Ionian islands, the contributors examine the ancient epigraphic culture of each island's political, social and religious history from the archaic age until late antiquity. These Mediterranean islands - Delos, Thera, Crete, Chis, Samos, Kos, Rhodes, Amorgos and the Ionian islands - were a world in themselves with their own dialects, cults, customs and political structures. Through a careful reading of a range of inscriptions, new interpretations arise concerning our understanding of their constitutional history, economic transformation, relationship with major powers, as well as notions of identity and connectivity. Inscribing for public display was a feature of Greek civilization that was carried out not only by priests, politicians and the elite, but also by individual citizens. The Greeks developed a plethora of distinct categories of inscriptions, going beyond the standard of epitaphs and dedications to the gods, to include decrees of the people, honorific inscriptions cut into the bases of statues and monuments dedicated to benefactors and athletes. However, the intensity of inscribing varied from one century to the other, and these fluctuations can be represented from a quantative approach as epigraphic curves. The significance of this volume is that it offers an overview of the history of these lesser states, which are not necessarily well documented in literary evidence to the degree comparable with Athens or Sparta.

Ancient Epigraphic Culture on the Aegean and Ionian Islands

Caves is an account of the scientific study of caves, both its history and its present contributions to the understanding of the past. It is the first synthetic account of the revealing data relating directly to prehistory, paleoanthropology and the paleoenvironment which can be found in them.

Caves is an account of the scientific study of caves, both its history and its present contributions to the understanding of the past. It is the first synthetic account of the revealing data relating directly to prehistory, paleoanthropology and the paleoenvironment which can be found in them.

Archaeology, Chronology and Palaeoenvironment

Caves

The new edition of this well-known classic text again delivers an objective, model-independent view of the different ways in which rocks can be described and interpreted, using facies analysis through an understanding of sedimentary process. Throughout, this fourth edition includes recent work on the dynamics of stratigraphy, especially with respect to understanding extreme events and climate and sea-level change, new information and illustration of resulting 3D geometries, for example from seismic and ground-penetrating radar, new illustrations, including time lapse satellite and seismic imagery, as well as a summary of current research directions. The main part of the book includes specific chapters for each important depositional environment, from terrestrial to coastal and deep sea settings, with the unifying element of process and facies models. Each chapter can be used independently, as it provides a stand-alone discussion of how a particular sedimentary environment can be reconstructed from a facies analysis of a rock succession, a core, or in some cases, a seismic section or a vertical petrophysical log profile. Three new chapters have been included: 'The Application of Biogenic Sedimentary Structures to Facies Analysis' addresses the effect of biota on sedimentation, and the interpretation of evidence of biological activity such as burrowing and microbial life; 'Pelagic Environments' discusses Milankovitch cyclicity and time series records of climate change, as well as what can and cannot be learned about the evolution of the oceans; 'Extra-terrestrial Sedimentology' summarizes what is known about the sedimentology and sedimentary facies of Mars, the moons of Jupiter, the Moon and other solar system bodies. These additions are in line with a broader approach to Earth Systems Science and reflect the current developments in the field.

Reading's Sedimentary Environments

Palgrave Studies in Ancient Economies

This edited volume examines the legal and economic world of the Romans through concepts, structures, and objects that reveal practices of standardization and localism. It explores the myriad ways in which the Roman Empire became an integrated political, social and economic system. &nbsp;Split across two volumes, the collection addresses the dynamic interaction between Rome and its provinces in developing institutions crucial to societal and economic development.&nbsp; It challenges notions of uniformity, demonstrating how tensions between imperial standardization and local cultures could both drive innovative legal and economic practices and hinder empire-wide integration. The chapters explore broad questions from various disciplinary perspectives, including ancient economic history, law, papyrology, epigraphy and archaeology. Contributions cover diverse topics such as weights, measures, and coinage, legal practices, taxation, and cultural symbols. Each chapter investigates how, even as local communities adopted practices associated with Rome as a ruling power, local customs could, in turn, influence practices across the Empire.&nbsp;By illuminating these reciprocal relationships, this book recontextualizes Roman standardization—not merely as a tool of imperial domination but as evidence of diverse socioeconomic practices and cross-cultural exchanges. It will be a valuable resource for scholars of ancient economic history, classical archaeology, and ancient law, as well as anyone interested in the economy and culture of Ancient Rome.Emilia Mataix Ferrándiz is a Ramón y Cajal tenure track lecturer at the International university of Catalonia (Barcelona). Previously, she has hold postdoctoral positions at the Universities of the Basque Country (Spain), Ghent, Helsinki and the Käte Hamburger kolleg Münster. She has a PhD in Roman law and a second PhD in roman archaeology. She has published extensively on Roman law and its maritime and commercial focus. Koenraad Verboven is professor&nbsp;of Ancient History at the University of Ghent.&nbsp; He specializes in ancient social and economic history, and has a particular interest in monetary history and numismatics, friendship and patronage based networks, professional associations(collegia), and the application of economic theories in historical research.

Perspectives on Standardization and Localism

Legal and Economic Practice in the Roman World, Volume II

Mechanisms and Mitigation

Cadmium Contamination in Soils and Plants

Introduction to Geobiology

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