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Zhang Xingliang: Introduction to
Geobiology

Introduction to Geobiology

1 Biological diversity: A geobiological perspective 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Classification of biological entities 1.2.1 Acellular life 1.2.2 Domains of cellular life 1.2.3 Kingdoms of cellular Life 1.3 Diversity of biological metabolism 1.3.1 Metabolic classification of organisms 1.3.2 Photosynthesis 1.3.3 Nitrogen fixation 1.3.4 Chemolithotrophy: energy from oxidation of inorganics 1.3.5 Catabolism 2 Life in extreme environments 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Diversity of extreme environments and extremophiles 2.2.1 Extreme environments 2.2.2 Phylogenic diversity of extremophiles 2.3 Thermophiles 2.4 Psychrophiles 2.5 Acidophiles 2.6 Alkaliphiles 2.7 Halophiles 2.8 Xerophilies 2.9 Radiodurans 2.10 Barophiles 2.11 Tardigrades as a model animal for astrobiology 3 Microbial ecosystems 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 From cell to microbial communities 3.1.2 Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) 3.1.3 Preservation potential 3.2 Biofilms and Microbial mats 3.2.1. Biofilms 3.2.2 Microbial mats 3.3 Microbial Ecosystem on Earth 3.3.1 Microbial ecosystem in marine settings 3.3.2 Microbial ecosystem in terrestrial settings 3.3.3 Microbial ecosystem in other extreme settings 3.4 Microbial Ecosystem as a model for exploring life beyond 4 Earth as a system and biogeochemical cycles 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Earth system: an overview 4.2.1 A system approach 4.2.2 Energy flows of the Earth system 4.2.3 Three key traits of the Earth system 4.3 Biogeochemical cycles 4.3.1 Concept 4.3.2 Element abundance 4.3.3 Carbon cycle 4.3.4 Oxygen cycle 4.3.5 Nitrogen cycle 4.3.6 Sulfur cycle 4.3.7 Phosphorus cycle 4.3.8 Iron cycle 4.4 Major features of biogeochemical cycles 4.4.1 Diversity of pathways 4.4.2 Variable rates of cycling 4.4.3 The effects of human activity 5 Biomineralization and its origin 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Biominerals and organominerals 5.2.1 Concept and unique characteristics 5.2.2 Major Groups of Biominerals 5.3 Classification of Biomineralization 5.3.1 Biologically Influenced Mineralization (BFM) 5.3.2 Biologically Induced Mineralization (BIM) 5.3.3 Biologically Controlled Mineralization (BCM) 5.4 Principle of Biomineralization 5.4.1 Supersaturation and Nucleation 5.4.2 Amorphous Phase and Solidification 5.4.3 Hierarchical Organization 5.4.4 Genetic and Molecular System 5.4.5 Benefits and Costs 5.4.6 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Biomineralization 5.5 Origin and Evolution of Biomineralization 5.5.1 History of Biomineralization Pathways 5.5.2 On the Origin of Animal Skeletons 5.5.3 Controls on the Onset of Biomineralization 5.5.4 Cambrian Animal Skeletonization: Insights from Molluscs 5.6 Releasing Biomineralization Signatures from Fossils 5.6.1 Diagenesis, Permineralization, and Phosphatization 5.6.2 Recognizing Primary Biomineral Structures 5.6.3 Biomineralization in Phylogenetic Systematics 5.6.4 Skeletal Sediments and Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction 6 Biosedimentation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Biogenic sediments 6.2.1 Carbonates 6.2.2 Siliceous sediments 6.2.3 Phosphatic sediments 6.2.4 Iron sediments 6.3. Biological diagenesis 6.3.1 Biogeochemical zonation of sediment column 6.3.2 Diagenetic mineralization 6.4 Microbially induced sedimentary structures 6.4.1 Definition 6.4.2 Classification 6.4.3 Biological processes in MISS formation 6.4.4 Distribution and Preservation 6.5 Astrobiological implications 7 Bioerosion and Biological Weathering 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Bioerosion 7.2.1 Macroborers 7.2.2 External Grazers and Scrapers (raspers) 7.2.3 Microborers 7.3 Biological Weathering 7.3.1 Biological Mechanisms that Enhance Rock Weathering 7.3.2 Biological Weathering of Silicate Minerals and Rocks 7.3.3 Carbonate Weathering 7.3.4 Sulfide Mineral Oxidation 7.3.5 Insight into Lichen Weathering 7.4 Soil as a classic system of biological weathering 7.4.1 Soil development 7.4.2 Horizons of soil profile 7.4.3 Humus in soils 8 Co-evolution of life and environment 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Earth¿s earliest records and habitability 8.3. Evolution of atmosphere 8.4. Evolution of the ocean 8.5. Evolution of biosphere 8.6. A summary: 4 billion years of co-evolution to one intelligent species 9 Exploring Extraterrestrial Life 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Habitability and Habitable Zone 9.3 Potentially Habitable Worlds Beyond Earth 9.4 Detecting Life beyond Earth 9.4.1 Life Detection 9.4.2 Biosignatures 9.4.3 Case Studies 9.5 Lessons from Explorations

Primarily meant for undergraduate and graduate students wanting to develop their expertise in agricultural sceince and chemistry, this book aims at understanding the basic physical chemistry of soils. In addition, environmental problems such as soil stresses and the interactions between the different environmental components are highlighted. This book serves as a basic tool for students enrolled in agriculture, soil science and environmental science courses.

Physical Chemistry of Soils

This text bridges freshman introductory texts on archaeology and junior/senior archaeology courses by building students' comfort with some of the tools of archaeological research and how archaeologists make plausible inferences about the past. How do archaeologists learn what happened thousands of years ago when all they have to work with are clusters of broken artifacts or patterns of post holes? Are their explanations any better than theories about ancient civilizations that we see in social media or popular streaming services? This book focuses on the ways archaeologists draw conclusions from evidence, recognizing that those interpretations will change as new evidence comes into play. Readers will learn more about the methods and research strategies that archaeologists use to understand ancient economies, social and political systems, or help date or classify sites, artifacts, or whole societies. The first chapter discusses the nature of inference and explanation in archaeology, or "how archaeologists figure things out." It emphasizes that observations and measurements that archaeologists make are samples subject to various kinds of error, and to future revision in the light of new evidence. Subsequent chapters cover how archaeologists use lithic technology, experiments, and classification, how styles of pottery decoration help us identify social groups, and the intricacies of dating events. The book then turns to social archaeology, from the household scale, through settlements, to landscapes and regions, and mobility and sedentism over such regions. The next two chapters consider research on trade, wealth, status, and mortuary practices. Chapter 11 focuses on food and cuisine, and the last one on the archaeology of labor. There are also 12 exercises, with fictitious case studies from around the world and different research traditions. These build students' confidence in how to interpret data, without any expectation of statistical background. They help students think critically about how to draw reasonable conclusions from what are often rather messy data.

A Guide

Archaeological Reasoning

Through a series of case-studies of nine Aegean and Ionian islands, the contributors examine the ancient epigraphic culture of each island's political, social and religious history from the archaic age until late antiquity. These Mediterranean islands - Delos, Thera, Crete, Chis, Samos, Kos, Rhodes, Amorgos and the Ionian islands - were a world in themselves with their own dialects, cults, customs and political structures. Through a careful reading of a range of inscriptions, new interpretations arise concerning our understanding of their constitutional history, economic transformation, relationship with major powers, as well as notions of identity and connectivity. Inscribing for public display was a feature of Greek civilization that was carried out not only by priests, politicians and the elite, but also by individual citizens. The Greeks developed a plethora of distinct categories of inscriptions, going beyond the standard of epitaphs and dedications to the gods, to include decrees of the people, honorific inscriptions cut into the bases of statues and monuments dedicated to benefactors and athletes. However, the intensity of inscribing varied from one century to the other, and these fluctuations can be represented from a quantative approach as epigraphic curves. The significance of this volume is that it offers an overview of the history of these lesser states, which are not necessarily well documented in literary evidence to the degree comparable with Athens or Sparta.

Ancient Epigraphic Culture on the Aegean and Ionian Islands

Archaeological Orientations

Art and Archaeology

Caves is an account of the scientific study of caves, both its history and its present contributions to the understanding of the past. It is the first synthetic account of the revealing data relating directly to prehistory, paleoanthropology and the paleoenvironment which can be found in them.

Archaeology, Chronology and Palaeoenvironment

Caves

Archaeologies of the Anthropocene

Unruly Heritage

UCL Critical Cultural Heritage Series

Creative Uses of Postindustrial Spaces

Connecting with Ambivalent Heritage

'A WONDERFUL READ' -- TOM HOLLAND

Between Two Rivers

Palgrave Studies in Ancient Economies

This edited volume examines the legal and economic world of the Romans through concepts, structures, and objects that reveal practices of standardization and localism. It explores the myriad ways in which the Roman Empire became an integrated political, social and economic system. &nbsp;Split across two volumes, the collection addresses the dynamic interaction between Rome and its provinces in developing institutions crucial to societal and economic development.&nbsp; It challenges notions of uniformity, demonstrating how tensions between imperial standardization and local cultures could both drive innovative legal and economic practices and hinder empire-wide integration. The chapters explore broad questions from various disciplinary perspectives, including ancient economic history, law, papyrology, epigraphy and archaeology. Contributions cover diverse topics such as weights, measures, and coinage, legal practices, taxation, and cultural symbols. Each chapter investigates how, even as local communities adopted practices associated with Rome as a ruling power, local customs could, in turn, influence practices across the Empire.&nbsp;By illuminating these reciprocal relationships, this book recontextualizes Roman standardization—not merely as a tool of imperial domination but as evidence of diverse socioeconomic practices and cross-cultural exchanges. It will be a valuable resource for scholars of ancient economic history, classical archaeology, and ancient law, as well as anyone interested in the economy and culture of Ancient Rome.Emilia Mataix Ferrándiz is a Ramón y Cajal tenure track lecturer at the International university of Catalonia (Barcelona). Previously, she has hold postdoctoral positions at the Universities of the Basque Country (Spain), Ghent, Helsinki and the Käte Hamburger kolleg Münster. She has a PhD in Roman law and a second PhD in roman archaeology. She has published extensively on Roman law and its maritime and commercial focus. Koenraad Verboven is professor&nbsp;of Ancient History at the University of Ghent.&nbsp; He specializes in ancient social and economic history, and has a particular interest in monetary history and numismatics, friendship and patronage based networks, professional associations(collegia), and the application of economic theories in historical research.

Perspectives on Standardization and Localism

Legal and Economic Practice in the Roman World, Volume I

We are not who we think we are

De-civilisation

Introduction to Geobiology

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