Hearing with the Mind synthesizes two approaches to music--cognitive psychology and social history--by focusing on the work of John Holden (1729--72), one of the first musical thinkers to propose a detailed account of how the human mind perceives music. Carmel Raz investigates Holden's proto-cognitive music theory and its afterlife in the writings of the Scottish siblings Walter (1745--1814) and Anne Young (1756--c.1813), within the context of the Scottish Enlightenment. Raz shows how the contributions of marginalized figures in the history of music theory reflect Britain's social transformations and global entanglements in the rising age of empire.