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Political Science and International Studies (R0)

Motomichi Igarashi

War and Data on Armed Conflicts

Global Networks Examining Casualties

&lt;p&gt;Preface.- Introduction: Doubting Expert Opinions.- International Standardization of Combatant Protection.- Evolution of Civilian Protection Norms.- Emergence of Conflict Witnesses.- Counting the Dead: War and Statistics.- Unearthing the Bodies: War and Forensic Science.- Chasing Chemical Weapons: War and Chemistry.- Conclusion: Is It Possible to Know the True Face of War?.&lt;/p&gt;


Although International Humanitarian Law regulates various aspects of warfare, it remains silent on suicide attacks. Suicide Attacks and International Humanitarian Law interrogates this omission, arguing that it reflects underlying biases and rigid binaries within International Humanitarian Law that struggle to accommodate complex narratives of agency surrounding the deaths of suicide attackers. In this comparative study, Vishakha V. Wijenayake juxtaposes International Humanitarian Law principles with cultural narratives surrounding three distinct cases: the Kamikaze pilots of World War II, Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam's female suicide attackers in the Sri Lankan non-International Armed Conflict, and martyrdom operations conducted by jihadist non-State armed groups. Integrating insights from anthropology, philosophy, and religious studies, this book analyzes the nuanced embodiments of agency in these contexts, revealing how cultural depictions of suicide attackers challenge International Humanitarian Law's traditional victim-perpetrator binary. These narratives present suicide attackers not as passive instruments of violence, but as individuals whose actions are laden with cultural and collective meanings that unsettle International Humanitarian Law's reductive approach to combatant agency. Through its analysis, Suicide Attacks and International Humanitarian Law forwards a critical framework for engaging with diverse conceptions of intentionality and agency, advocating for more culturally inclusive approaches within International Humanitarian Law.

Culture, Agency, and Combatant Deaths

Suicide Attacks and International Humanitarian Law

Juridicum – Bochumer Schriften zur Friedenssicherung und zum Humanitären Völkerrecht I Bochum Studies on the International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict

Administrative procedure is often perceived as a nuisance by those involved: by individuals seeking an action, service or permission from the state as well as by members of the administration wanting to pursue an action against an individual or refusing to act in her favour. Both sides may view administrative procedure as an unwelcome hurdle on their way to reach their objectives. This perception, however, clouds the value and importance of administrative procedure for the individual in modern legal systems. It is not an end in itself but protects individuals against arbitrary state action.
This book explores the connection between international human rights law and administrative procedure. In particular, it discusses potential justifications for obligations of administrative procedure under international human rights law, their doctrinal construction, and their implementation as well as the scope of review of courts.
About the Author
Benedikt Behlert works as an attorney in Düsseldorf, focussing on all areas of German, European and international public law.

The Relevance of Administrative Procedure to International Human Rights

The Necessity of a Conversation between the Administration and the Individual

Oxford Handbooks

Human rights have been embedded in the work of the United Nations since its creation. The very purpose of the United Nations, set forth in the UN Charter, is to "reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights" and "encourag[e] respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms." Creating an efficient and effective machinery to do so, however, has been a persistent challenge. Not only are the human rights functions of the United Nations carried out by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and an array of bodies, agencies, experts, and mechanisms. But the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, which is supposed to drive the core human rights work of the United Nations, receives only some $200 million annually, less than four percent of the UN's regular budget. The Oxford Handbook of the UN Human Rights System is the first comprehensive and compelling practical account of the human rights work carried out by the United Nations. It explains the various parts of the system, describes the functions, strengths, and weaknesses of each key body, and examines how each of the individual parts of this system and the broader system can be improved to deliver results for the peoples of the world. This book examines these questions over time, looking back at the historical engagement of each UN body with human rights, reviewing what each body is doing now and what it has achieved, and proposing practical and targeted suggestions for reform. Importantly, each chapter is authored by either current or former diplomats who have led each part of the system or by expert practitioners. Taken together, this Oxford Handbook provides a truly unique and first-ever view of the both entire system and its individual parts as they are today and how they can be harnessed going forward for greater impact.

The Oxford Handbook of the UN Human Rights System

LONGLISTED FOR THE 2025 MOORE PRIZE IN HUMAN RIGHTS WRITING 'Prosecuting The Powerful isn't just compelling and very moving, it has all the force of a well-crafted thriller. I literally couldn't stop reading it,' John Simpson, BBC World Affairs Editor 'A compelling account of a revolutionary moment in history,' Philippe Sands, The Spectator 'Powerful, timely and moving,' Baroness Helena Kennedy KC 'A tour de force,' Lindsey Hilsum, International Editor, Channel 4 News 'Absolutely brilliant,' Nick Cohen Could we ever see Vladimir Putin in the dock for his crimes? What about a Western ally like Benjamin Netanyahu? Putting a country's leader on trial once seemed unimaginable. But as Steve Crawshaw describes in Prosecuting the Powerful - a blend of powerful eyewitness reporting and gripping history - the possibilities of justice have been transformed. Crawshaw includes recent stories from the front lines of justice in Ukraine, Israel/Palestine and at The Hague, as well as his earlier encounters with war criminals like Slobodan Miloševi¿. He tells the stories of those who have demanded protection for civilians and accountability for war criminals - from the Geneva Conventions to the Syrian police photographer who helped put one of Bashar al-Assad's torturers behind bars. He also follows the extraordinary unfolding story of two of the world's most powerful and well-connected leaders currently under indictment at the International Criminal Court in The Hague: Putin and Netanyahu. For all the current darkness, this is a historic opportunity. The scales of justice can and must be balanced. Now is the moment.

Prosecuting the Powerful: War Crimes and the Battle for Justice

International Law in Asia

This book is a scholarly compilation that explores the diverse and evolving landscape of public maritime law across Asia. This book provides an in-depth analysis of key legislative frameworks, safety and security measures, marine environmental governance, and seafarer welfare within the region. Divided into four thematic sections—Public Maritime Legislations, securing Maritime Safety, Prevention of Vessel-Source Pollution, and Seafarer Rights—the book features contributions from esteemed academics and professionals across Asia. It offers country-specific insights, comparative analyses, and case studies from nations such as South Korea, China, Vietnam, Mongolia, Singapore, and others. The work aims to highlight the unique challenges faced by Asian countries while addressing global maritime issues such as environmental sustainability, safety regulations, and human rights.
By bringing together diverse perspectives from experts across the region, the book contributes meaningfully to the discourse on maritime governance while supporting sustainable development and legal innovation in the Asian maritime sector. It serves as a valuable resource for legal scholars, policymakers, maritime professionals, and students interested in understanding the complexities of maritime governance in the Asian context.

Public Maritime Law in Asia

DK Big Ideas

Learn about how we organise our society in The Sociology Book. Part of the fascinating Big Ideas series, this book tackles tricky topics and themes in a simple and easy to follow format. Learn about Sociology in this overview guide to the subject, brilliant for beginners looking to learn and experts wishing to refresh their knowledge alike! The Sociology Book brings a fresh and vibrant take on the topic through eye-catching graphics and diagrams to immerse yourself in. This captivating book will broaden your understanding of Sociology, with: - More than 80 ideas from the world's most renowned sociologists - Packed with facts, charts, timelines and graphs to help explain core concepts - A visual approach to big subjects with striking illustrations and graphics throughout - Easy to follow text makes topics accessible for people at any level of understanding The Sociology Book is the perfect introduction to a range of societal issues, ranging from government and gender identity to inequalities and globalisation, aimed at adults with an interest in the subject and students wanting to gain more of an overview. Here you'll find biographies of key sociologists and social activists that give a historical context to each idea. Your Sociology Questions, Simply Explained This book explores the similar issues that affect us all; the tension between the needs of the individual and society, the changing workplace, and the role of everything from government to mass culture in our lives. If you thought it was difficult to learn about social theory, The Sociology Book presents key information in a clear layout. Learn about issues of equality, diversity, identity, and human rights; the role of institutions; and the rise of urban living in modern society, with superb mind maps and step-by-step summaries. The Big Ideas Series With millions of copies sold worldwide, The Sociology Book is part of the award-winning Big Ideas series from DK. The series uses striking graphics along with engaging writing, making big topics easy to understand.

Big Ideas Simply Explained

The Sociology Book

Routledge International Handbooks

The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Sport for Development and Peace serves as the first comprehensive resource dedicated to exploring the diverse methodological approaches essential for advancing research and practice in this growing interdisciplinary field.The handbook provides a dedicated and rigorous exploration of the diverse methodologies and research approaches essential for understanding and advancing this increasingly vital area of study and practice. As a comprehensive guide to the methodological landscape of inquiry within the dynamic field of Sport for Development and Peace, the book delves into the fundamental principles and practical application of research methods tailored to this unique interdisciplinary space. The book's central objective is to provide both academics and practitioners with a state-of-the-art resource that directly addresses the critical role of rigorous methodology within the field. Accordingly, the handbook's primary themes revolve around three pillars: Epistemological Foundations, where the underlying assumptions and frameworks that shape research approaches are critically examined; Diverse Research Paradigms, exploring a spectrum of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods designs; and Researcher Narratives, which feature insightful accounts regarding the practical challenges of conducting research in diverse contexts. Part I addresses foundational conceptual frameworks and diverse methodological approaches employed within the field. Part II elaborates upon various research methods and associated techniques pertinent to the investigation within the Sport for Development and Peace field. Finally, Part III presents critical reflections and empirical research findings pertaining to endeavours across distinct global regions.This book is designed for researchers, students, academics and practitioners in the fields of sports studies, physical education, sport for development and peace, sport-based youth development, sport and politics, sociology of sport, sociology, anthropology, human geography, peace studies, physical education, gender and sport, and conflict resolution.

Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Sport for Development and Peace

Addressing both scholars of international law and political science as well as decision makers involved in cybersecurity policy, the book tackles the most important and intricate legal issues that a state faces when considering a reaction to a malicious cyber operation conducted by an adversarial state. While often invoked in political debates and widely analysed in international legal scholarship, self-defence and countermeasures will often remain unavailable to states in situations of cyber emergency due to the pervasive problem of reliable and timely attribution of cyber operations to state actors. Analysing the legal questions surrounding attribution in detail, the book presents the necessity defence as an evidently available alternative. However, the shortcomings of the doctrine as based in customary international law that render it problematic as a remedy for states are examined in-depth. In light of this, the book concludes by outlining a special emergency regime for cyberspace.

Self-Defence, Countermeasures, Necessity, and the Question of Attribution

Unilateral Remedies to Cyber Operations

Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2026 in the subject Guidebooks - School, Education, Pedagogy, , course: Education Management and Administration, language: English, abstract: Zambia's rural households face recurrent climate shocks, thin markets, and persistent poverty, which heighten vulnerability and limit productive investment. In this context, work¿conditional social protection programmes such as Food¿for¿Work (FFW) and Cash¿for¿Work (CFW) aim to stabilise consumption while building community assets. Yet evidence on their comparative effectiveness remains fragmented and sensitive to market conditions, seasonality, and implementation quality.
This thesis assesses FFW and CFW in Zambia, examining targeting accuracy, delivery efficiency, asset quality, and cost¿effectiveness, alongside impacts on food security, diversification, savings, debt, assets, labour allocation, and subjective well¿being. Special attention is given to heterogeneity by market access, timing within agricultural calendars, gender, and shock exposure. A mixed¿methods design combines a three¿wave household panel with qualitative process data. Propensity score matching and inverse probability weighting construct comparable groups, followed by difference¿in¿differences and fixed¿effects models; instrumental variables address potential endogeneity. Standardised indicators including HDDS, FCS, CSI, PMT scores, and Simpson Index guide measurement. 
Results show both modalities reduce negative coping and stabilise consumption. CFW yields greater improvements in dietary diversity and flexibility where markets and payment systems function well. FFW performs better in remote areas, during price spikes, and in lean seasons by guaranteeing staple supplies. Timing is critical: pre¿lean¿season transfers reduce distress sales and improve input access. CFW supports small enterprise entry, savings, and livestock gains; FFW protects schooling, meal frequency, and labour productivity. Both reduce high¿interest borrowing, though via different channels. 
Implementation quality strongly shapes outcomes. FFW faces logistical risks, while CFW is vulnerable to payment delays and inflation. Cost¿effectiveness varies by geography, with CFW cheaper in connected areas and FFW preferable where cash conversion is costly. Gender effects show increased autonomy under CFW and reduced budgeting stress under FFW, moderated by childcare and worksite conditions.

Programme Effectiveness and Household Livelihood Outcomes

Evaluating Food-for-Work and Cash-for-Work Interventions in Zambia

This book explores the intricate terrain of international religious freedom discourse. It examines the evolution and controversies surrounding the formulation and interpretation of the freedom of religion or belief as a universal right within the United Nations. From legal and philosophical standpoints to the political dimensions of the subject, the book navigates through the complex terrain, shedding light on challenges to the universality and non-discriminatory implementation of this fundamental freedom. Beyond theoretical and legal debates, the study reveals how actors within the United Nations have 'defamed ' the freedom of religion or belief, reshaping its interpretation away from its original 1948 objectives. The book explores the dynamic interplay of postmodern views, legal intricacies, and political perspectives, contributing to a potential diminishment of the normative force of related legal provisions. It addresses critical topics including religious tolerance, blasphemy, defamation of religion, and apostasy, offering a comprehensive understanding of the evolving landscape of international human rights discourse. This is an indispensable resource for scholars, policymakers, and anyone seeking a profound insight into the challenges and transformations shaping the global pursuit of religious freedom.

A Historical and Conceptual Analysis of the United Nations

Defaming the Freedom of Religion or Belief

Global Law and Sustainable Development

Given the significant developments in Indian economic and trade policymaking over the last two decades, this book provides an authoritative and timely analysis of the transformation and current state of India's foreign economic policy. The work presents a comprehensive, informed and critical overview of negotiating issues addressed in the recent period leading up to the substantial conclusion of the Trade Facilitation Agreement. The volume also takes into account the geopolitical considerations that influenced the negotiations. Finally, the reform steps being taken by India need to be understood in light of the structural changes in the economy, fuelling domestic compulsion, and the analysis covers this undercurrent in detail. The book will be a valuable guide to academics, researchers and policy-makers working in the areas of international trade law, development economics and global politics.

Deciphering the Law, Economics and Politics

India’s Foreign Economic Policy

The book analyses the concept and conditions of transnational solidarity, its challenges and opportunities, drawing on diverse disciplines as Law, Political Science, Sociology, Philosophy, Psychology and History. In the contemporary world, we see two major opposing trends. The first involves nationalistic and populistic movements. Transnational solidarity has been under pressure for a decade because of, among others, global economic and migration crises, leading to populistic and authoritarian leadership in some European countries, the United States and Brazil. Countries withdraw from international commitments on climate, trade and refugees and the European Union struggles with Brexit. The second trend, partly a reaction to the first, is a strengthened transnational grass-root community - a cosmopolitan movement - which protests primarily against climate change. Based on interdisciplinary reflections on the concept of transnational solidarity, its challenges and opportunities are analysed, drawing on Europe as a focal case study for a broader, global perspective.

Concept, Challenges and Opportunities

Transnational Solidarity

War and Data on Armed Conflicts

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