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Balogun T: The Invisible Architecture

The Invisible Architecture

A Book About Money, Power, and the Rules No One Explained

Why the consequences of a prolonged period of weaker economic growth will be more profound than anyone dares to predictIn the heady progress of the post-war era, our lifestyles changed, our political systems adapted, and rapid economic growth became the model of every developed economy. But this prevailing consensus is falling apart around us. Growth is now, at best, no more than anaemic. Policymakers dream about an AI revolution and tweak their fiscal rules to accommodate a newly-austere economic reality but, all the while, government debt soars, financial markets become increasingly jittery, and voters lose trust in their politicians.Celebrated economist Stephen D. King asks how our politics will adapt to such persistently low growth. While leaders make fiscal promises based on a future that is unlikely to materialise, nationalism thrives, battlelines are drawn between perceived winners and losers, and the rules-based international order crumbles. The absence of growth triggers invidious political wrangling over tax, welfare, defence and infrastructure, intensifies competition for resources, and leads to social instability.King shows how our new world is governed by them-and-us divisions over limited economic spoils. This is the political economy of plunder.&nbsp;

Winners and Losers in the Low Growth Era

The Age of Plunder

Merchants, Markets and Wealth in the Early Modern Atlantic World

The Age of Commerce

This book uses semiotics to study the design of a selection of banknotes and coins currently circulating in the American and European continents. &gt;Moreover, it aims to show how currency design is an enunciative praxis and hence, an activity shaped by cultural conventions that can be approached as a specific discursive genre. In a nutshell, the book demonstrates how, beyond their economic function, banknotes and coins serve as the material support for a visual type of cultural semiosis linked to the nation and the state. The units of any currency system can be approached as visual texts expressing contents linked with specific social discourses and ideas. Since these texts are created and regulated by the state, they convey meanings that relate to discourses about statehood and, with it, the nation. Informed by analyses of the United States dollar, the Canadian dollar, the British pound sterling, the Swiss franc, the Brazilian real, the Uruguayan peso, the Argentinean peso and the euro, the book highlights the relevance of studying currency design in the scholarly efforts to understand the discursive construction of states and nations.

Reading Contemporary Currency Design

The Semiotics of Banknotes and Coins

Historical Perspectives on Modern Economics

The history of money and banking has undergone three major transformations: from commodity money (e.g. currency backed by gold), to fiat money (e.g. currency not backed by a commodity), and now toward intangible money (e.g. digital forms without any backing). While the shift from commodity to fiat money was momentous, the transition to intangible money has profound implications for banking, monetary policy, and financial stability. Intangible Money, Banking, and Information provides a comprehensive overview of these transformations from the perspective of both the history of economic thought and monetary economics. It shows how advances in information and communication technology have accelerated the transition to intangible money, reshaping how transactions are recorded and how monetary systems function. At the same time, it argues that rapid financial innovation and deregulation have dramatically expanded the scale and complexity of banking and markets-often with destabilizing consequences.

The Monetary System in Theoretical and Historical Perspective

Intangible Money, Banking, and Information

A dazzling exploration of the phenomenon of prediction betting markets that asks: what happens when democracy becomes another commodity? For many, Donald Trump's decisive election victory over Kamala Harris in 2024 was a shock. Traditional polls had the race on a razor's edge. But, for those with eyes on prediction betting markets, a very different story was being told. In recent years, prediction markets have swept the world, fundamentally changing the nature of the gambling market, and making their youthful pioneers billionaires. Posed as binary 'Yes/No' questions about future events, prediction bets allow any difference of opinion - whether on politics, wars, assassinations or popular culture - to be financialised. But are these markets really a new phenomenon? What does it mean when markets get closer to the truth than the institutions we built to protect us? And what happens when those tasked with safeguarding democracy possess financial stakes in its volatility? From Renaissance Rome, where merchants wagered on papal conclaves, through London coffee house gossip during the Napoleonic Wars, to the Pentagon's ill-fated terrorism futures exchange, The Big Bet describes the full five-hundred-year arc of a permissive regime which no one designed and no one voted for. Drawing on deep expertise, Michael Auerbach examines how these markets are changing our world, and what they mean for the future of our democratic self-governance. Because they are not an anomaly - they are the logical endpoint of a society that has applied market capitalism to every aspect of life. And in a world when everything is a wager and nothing is off limits, knowing where the chips will fall matters more than ever.

Prediction Markets and the Future of Democracy

The Big Bet

A unified framework for understanding monetary policy, including recent unprecedented interventions by central banks Over the past two decades, monetary policy has been deployed in unprecedented ways, as central banks attempted to mitigate the adverse consequences of the 2007-2008 financial crisis, the COVID-19 global lockdown, and recent inflationary surges. In Monetary Economics and Policy, Pierpaolo Benigno offers a new way to understand the potency and effectiveness of monetary policy, presenting a unified modeling framework to analyze policy challenges posed by both paper and digital currency systems. He investigates current theoretical and policy controversies, drawing connections with historical themes in monetary economics. Benigno examines how central banks control the value of their currency amid competition from cryptocurrencies and private money-like securities; discusses the desirability of inflation targeting for macroeconomic stabilization; and explores theoretical grounds for the unconventional monetary policies seen in the recent period of zero nominal interest rates, including forward guidance, quantitative and credit easing, and helicopter money. He accompanies his analysis with an innovative visual representation of the New Keynesian model and inflation-targeting policies. Benigno's novel framework also allows the study of monetary policy normalization through quantitative tightening toward what has become the "new normal." He discusses the optimal provision of liquidity and the different roles of the government and financial intermediaries. Finally, he recounts historical controversies regarding the inflation-unemployment trade-off to understand the 2020s inflationary surge and delves into the causes and dynamics of hyperinflations, tracing them to the subtle, ambiguous linkages between monetary and fiscal policy and weak balance-sheet conditions for the central bank.

A Foundation for Modern Currency Systems

Monetary Economics and Policy

Late medieval Bruges was a commercial hub that connected Hanseatic, English, Scottish, Portuguese, Spanish, Aragonese, and Italian traders. This book focuses on the conflict resolution of the aldermen and how merchants operated within this legal framework. The key question being whether Bruges was a city of justice. Although this was sometimes claimed by travellers, a lot of merchants confronted with the practicalities of conflict resolution in Bruges, disagreed. Fieremans analyses how customary law, institutional frameworks, and commerce intersected and were challenged by the aldermen's pursuit of justice. By clarifying the working of the aldermen, it advances our knowledge of the basic mechanisms of a late medieval law court and the evolution of the law courts of late medieval Flanders. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, the book focuses on the interplay between commerce and justice, explores the diverse merchant communities, and considers the potential lessons it offers for understanding both historical and modern markets. It sheds light on the pragmatic legal culture of Bruges and the legal mechanisms that partially regulate commerce.

Foreign Merchants in a City of Justice

Law, Leverage, and Litigation in Late Medieval Bruges

Handbooks in Economics

Handbook of the Economics of Identity: Volume 1

This is a book about choices. Not the kind you make when you decide who to marry, whether to quit your job, or when to go for a hike. It's about the kind that hardly existed a hundred years ago but now govern our lives. The kind that have architects.Choose Your Captivity exposes the hidden forms of designed choice that, by determining the options made available to us, are deployed to steer our attention, behaviour and desires, influencing everything from what we eat to where we live and how we vote. It introduces the architects who first devised and applied these insidious tools, from the maze-building eugenicist who invented the multiple-choice test to the marketing gurus who in less than a generation helped transform a handful of online platforms into the richest corporations in history. By constraining our actions, shaping our choices and even our identities, they have made the world we know today.Open your eyes to the immense power wielded by the choice architects - and how to escape it.

How Choice Architects Made Our World and Sold Our Freedom

Choose Your Captivity

How the social organization of Europe and China shaped their divergent economic and political trajectories over the past millennium In the eleventh century, when Europe was still backward and poor, China was a rich and sophisticated civilization. Yet Europe became the birthplace of democracy and the Industrial Revolution, driving the Great Enrichment, while China stagnated until the end of the twentieth century and was always ruled by autocracies. Two Paths to Prosperity traces the emergence of two very different social organizations in premodern China and Europe--the clan and the corporation--showing how they were key factors in the economic and political divergence of these two great civilizations. In this landmark book, three leading economists offer a bold new account of why Europe and China evolved along such different trajectories. In the early Middle Ages, public goods like risk sharing, religious worship, education, and conflict resolution were provided by nonstate organizations in both societies. China increasingly relied on kin-based cooperation within clans, while weaker kinship ties in Europe gave rise to corporations such as guilds, universities, and self-governing towns. Despite performing similar functions, clans and corporations were built on very different principles--with lasting consequences until today. Providing a novel answer to a fundamental question in economic and political history, Two Paths to Prosperity shows how extended kinship in Chinese society facilitated the consolidation of autocracy and hindered innovation and economic development, and how corporations in Europe influenced emerging state institutions and set the stage for the Industrial Revolution.

Culture and Institutions in Europe and China, 1000–2000

Two Paths to Prosperity

*VANITY FAIR'S BEST BOOKS OF 2025*ONE OF NEW REPUBLIC'S BOOKS OF THE YEAR*KIRKUS' BEST NONFICTION BOOKS OF THE YEAR 2025*ONE OF AV CLUB'S BEST BOOKS OF 2025*"[An] indictment of an industry that has cannily tilted the playing field in its favor. Bad Company details how clichéd abstractions like ‘consolidation’ and ‘efficiency’ have given cover to real betrayals.” - The New York TimesA timely work of singular reportage and a damning indictment of the private equity industry told through the stories of four American workers whose lives and communities were upended by the ruinous effects of private equity takeovers.Private equity runs our country, yet few Americans have any idea how ingrained it is in their lives. Private equity controls our hospitals, daycare centers, supermarket chains, voting machine manufacturers, local newspapers, nursing home operators, fertility clinics, and prisons. The industry even manages highways, municipal water systems, fire departments, emergency medical services, and owns a growing swath of commercial and residential real estate.Private equity executives, meanwhile, are not only among the wealthiest people in American society, but have grown to become modern-day barons with outsized influence on our politics and legislation. CEOs of firms like Blackstone, Carlyle, KKR, and Apollo are rewarded with seats in the Senate and on the boards of the country’s most august institutions; meanwhile, entire communities are hollowed out as a result of their buyouts. Workers lose their jobs. Communities lose their institutions. Only private equity wins.Acclaimed journalist Megan Greenwell’s Bad Company unearths the hidden story of private equity by examining the lives of four American workers that were devastated as private equity upended their employers and communities: a Toys R Us floor supervisor, a rural doctor, a local newspaper journalist, and an affordable housing organizer. Taken together, their individual experiences also pull back the curtain on a much larger project: how private equity reshaped the American economy to serve its own interests, creating a new class of billionaires while stripping ordinary people of their livelihoods, their health care, their homes, and their sense of security.In the tradition of deeply human reportage like Matthew Desmond’s Evicted, Megan Greenwell pulls back the curtain on shadowy multibillion dollar private equity firms, telling a larger story about how private equity is reshaping the economy, disrupting communities, and hollowing out the very idea of the American dream itself. Timely and masterfully told, Bad Company is a forceful rebuke of America’s most consequential, yet least understood economic forces.

Private Equity and the Death of the American Dream

Bad Company

The legal concepts that can fundamentally inform the economics of institutions In Legal Institutionalism, the eminent economist Geoffrey Hodgson proposes a new analytic approach for understanding modern economic institutions. Law helps to constitute some of the key features of modern market economies. Moreover, there is evidence that many people believe that obeying the law is important in itself, especially when it is deemed just, legitimate, and uncorrupt. Consequently, he argues, the role of law must be considered in analyses of the nature and dynamics of modern economic institutions and the motivations of economic agents. Hodgson lays out the basic approach and intellectual assumptions of legal institutionalism, citing such thinkers as Adam Smith and Karl Marx as well as insights from institutional economics, law, philosophy, psychology, and social theory. He considers how legal institutions emerged and evolved throughout history, stressing their importance in large-scale, complex economies. Informal rules and relations are vital as well, he explains, but these often rely on face-to-face contact, with smaller numbers of people. He shows that by examining relevant legal rules and relations alongside important informal rules, we can improve our understanding of the nature and role of property, contracts, money, and firms. Revisiting the socialist calculation debate on the feasibility of socialist planning, Hodgson argues that both sides paid insufficient attention to legal issues and underestimated the importance and inevitability of mixed economies. This milestone work by Hodgson has major implications for both theory and policy, suggesting new approaches to economic development, the theory of the firm, and countering the policy extremes of markets versus states.

A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to the Analysis of Modern Economies

Legal Institutionalism

The Invisible Architecture

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