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A grand, sweeping history of the evolution of morality across the existence of human civilization

Sauer H: The Invention of Good and Evil
/ B

The Invention of Good and Evil

A World History of Morality

Der Mensch hat sich so entwickelt, dass er Arbeit als etwas angenehmes empfindet, und während der ersten 98 % seiner Geschichte wurde Arbeit häufig sogar mit Spiel verglichen. Die heute verbreiteten negativen Vorstellungen von "Arbeit" gehen auf die extreme Ungleichheit und Ausbeutung zurück, die mit der Entstehung staatlicher Herrschaft vor rund 5.500 Jahren einhergingen. Deshalb betrachten viele Menschen Arbeit inzwischen vor allem als Mittel zum Einkommenserwerb und damit zum Konsum, statt als Quelle von Kreativität, Gemeinschaft und Selbstverwirklichung. In Warum wir arbeiten müssen greift Jon D. Wisman auf Erkenntnisse aus Ökonomie, Philosophie, Evolutionspsychologie, Sozialanthropologie und Geschichtswissenschaft zurück, um zu untersuchen, wie Arbeit im Verlauf der Menschheitsgeschichte erlebt und verstanden wurde. Mit Blick auf die Gegenwart weist er auf die Absurdität hin, dass trotz eines beispiellosen Wohlstands manche Menschen arbeitslos sind und die meisten Beschäftigten an ihrem Arbeitsplatz keine echte Freiheit genießen, sondern fremdbestimmt werden. Ebenso widersinnig ist angesichts des vorhandenen Reichtums die extreme Ungleichheit, die weitverbreitete Unsicherheit, Stress und Zukunftspessimismus hervorbringt. Die Laissez-faire-Ideologie rechtfertigt jene politischen Entscheidungen, die diese Ungleichheit und Arbeitsbedingungen hervorbringen, und stellt immer höheren Konsum statt sinnvoller Arbeit als Weg zu mehr Glück dar. Wisman entwirft eine überzeugende Alternative für die Zukunft, die auf zwei Reformen basiert, um Arbeit wieder erfüllend zu machen: eine Beschäftigungsgarantie und Demokratie am Arbeitsplatz. Eine Beschäftigungsgarantie würde Sicherheit schaffen, Armut beseitigen und allen Menschen die gesellschaftliche Anerkennung und Selbstachtung ermöglichen, die mit einer produktiven Rolle in der Gesellschaft einhergehen. Maßnahmen zur Förderung von Eigentum und Mitbestimmung der Beschäftigten in ihren Unternehmen würden Freiheit und Demokratie an den Arbeitsplatz bringen. Beide Reformen stehen im Einklang mit grundlegenden gesellschaftlichen Werten und bewahren zugleich die zwei zentralen Institutionen des Kapitalismus: Privateigentum und Märkte.

Wirtschaftliche Freiheit, erfüllende Arbeit und Demokratie am Arbeitsplatz

Warum wir arbeiten müssen

This book offers a powerful rethinking of long-term unemployment, focusing on everyday lived experiences that reveal how unemployed men make sense of deindustrialisation and prolonged joblessness. The book foregrounds Bakhtin's theory of resisting power through humour and dialogue, challenging prevailing psychological and individualistic narratives. It instead shows how men resist dominant activation discourses by voicing metaphors that reflect their embodied experiences. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in a post-industrial inner city Work Club, the book combines photographs, quotations and vignettes to illuminate the loss of largely masculine employment. It offers a critical analysis of agency and discourse, with new perspectives on how unemployed men resist and cope with their circumstances in ways that are often overlooked by mainstream theories.

Bakhtin, Carnivalesque and Metaphor

Resisting Unemployment Stigma

Anthropology, Law, and Political Morals

Some Versions of Legalism

The 'fresh start' that is afforded individual debtors through the discharge doctrines of American bankruptcy law has, to date, defied justification by a single normative principle or theoretical paradigm. The justificatory accounts that have been advanced either fail to explain core doctrines that have long defined the right of discharge or invite theoretical challenges that suggest that their descriptive virtues are swamped by their normative or conceptual shortcomings. 

This book presents a taxonomy of traditional justifications of bankruptcy and subjects them to critical evaluation. It then seeks to offer a new justification of bankruptcy's 'fresh start' doctrines-one that takes its inspiration from a quite different moral tradition than those that have informed past efforts to justify and explain our enduring societal willingness to release people from onerous financial obligations. The book argues that personal debt relief is fully vindicated not by a utilitarian theory, nor by a distributive justice theory, nor by a retributive theory, nor by any other rights- or duties-based theory that is preoccupied with moral claims that particular creditors or debtors might proffer. Rather, the long-standing institution of discharge in bankruptcy is best explained by an aretaic, or virtue-based, theory that concerns itself with the obligations that the rest of us have to be charitable towards those who are unable to repay their debts. 

The fresh start that bankruptcy gives to those who have been shackled by overwhelming debt is justified not by its effects on creditors, debtors, or future market actors, but by its satisfaction of the demands of individual charity to which all citizens are subject. Bankruptcy's discharge of the debts of those who have become financially desperate is best thought to be an institution that aggregates others' demands of good character so as to permit citizens for whom debt-forgiveness is a personal virtue to live in a society that fulfils that virtue.

The Virtue of Bankruptcy

Debts and the Demands of Conscience

Examines the discordance among the public over controversial historic monumentsand how it should be addressed, highlighting how iconoclasm is confronted through global heritage management theory.

Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the United States and Canada rarely experienced iconoclasm, the premeditated destruction of visual symbols, because of their specific emotional or ideological content in the public square. This is changing. As North Americans continue to reject the tangible and intangible heritage of institutionalized white supremacy, iconoclasm acts are happening with greater frequency. The death of George Floyd in May 2020 hastened the demand by Americans to remove historic monuments; so much so, that protesters took matters into their own hands and pulled down statues of historical figures, not limited to the American Civil War but also associated with European colonialism before the American Revolution and during the reign of Queen Victoria in Canada.&nbsp;

For historic preservationists and conservationists, iconoclasm is now the most consequential issue in the field and will continue to be a matter of contention for the foreseeable future. Motives for enacting iconoclasm can be justified, but what are the consequences for doing so, and how, in turn, will this determine the future of our public spaces in towns and cities? More fundamentally, is the current period of iconoclasm leading us to reconsider the public square as part of the built environment? This book will be the first theory-informed work to examine the discordance among the public over controversial historic monuments in the historic landscape and how it should be addressed. It challenges architects, landscape architects, conservationists, preservationists, elected officials, and the public to reconsider the public square and whether or not civic art that memorializes is still relevant or a practice that can be reimagined. It also considers the after-effects of iconoclasm acts: How should we redesign public civic spaces after we have either destroyed or removed historic monuments? As societal values change in regard to public memorialization, how will heritage practitioners, conservationist technicians, and urban designers grapple with working in the civic realm, which may be considered antiquated but continues to exist in our cities?

The book examines how iconoclasm is confronted through global heritage management theory. During the second half of the twentieth century, UNESCO and the European Union drafted charters to protect historic monuments from acts of war and degradation. The author considers these sets of principles and other international approaches to contested and conflicted heritage in addressing racism-based heritage that is embedded in North American heritage, from theoretical, architectural, and legal perspectives. France, which first experienced iconoclasm during the Revolution, has grappled with iconoclasm throughout its modern history. Revolutionary leader Henri Grégoire even invented a noun for it: "vandalism." Through the creation of an environment removed from a historic object's context-the public museum, the Louvre-France conceived institutional iconoclasm. From the revolutions and cultural upheavals of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to the calamities of two world wars in the twentieth century, Europeans have developed policy and a legal framework that address iconoclasm. The book intends to examine this legal framework closely. It will inform the direction that the North American heritage field should take in order to accept that heritage changes, and must change, in response to our own needs to acknowledge multiple histories and identities in a diverse society, while simultaneously recognizing that iconoclasm is a part of how a society resolves its emotional responses to its built heritage.

Iconoclasm in the Public Square

The Chicago Foucault Project

Newly published lectures by Foucault on critique, Enlightenment, and the care of the self--now in paperback. On May 27, 1978, Michel Foucault gave a lecture to the French Society of Philosophy where he redefined his entire philosophical project in light of Immanuel Kant's 1784 text "What Is Enlightenment?" Foucault strikingly characterizes critique as the political and moral attitude consisting in the "art of not being governed like this," one that performs the function of destabilizing power relations and creating the space for a new formation of the self within the "politics of truth." This volume presents the first critical edition of this crucial lecture alongside a previously unpublished lecture about the culture of the self and three public debates with Foucault at the University of California, Berkeley, in April 1983. There, for the first time, Foucault establishes a direct connection between his reflections on the Enlightenment and his analyses of Greco-Roman antiquity. However, far from suggesting a return to the ancient culture of the self, Foucault invites his audience to build a "new ethics" that bypasses the traditional references to religion, law, and science.

"What Is Critique?" and "The Culture of the Self"

Reclaiming the Stories of Our Lives

Time, Now

Foundations, Flaws, and Futures

Fundamental Rights for Non-Humans

The Human Economy

South Africa was one of the first countries in the Global South that established a financialized consumer credit market. This market consolidates rather than alleviates the extreme social inequality within a country. This book investigates the political reasons for adopting an allegedly self-regulating market despite its disastrous effects and identifies the colonialist ideas of property rights as a mainstay of the existing social order. The book addresses sociologists, political scientists, anthropologists and legal scholars interested in the interaction of economy and law in contemporary market societies.

The Invention of Good and Evil

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