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Law and Criminology (R0)

Stefan-Michael Wedenig

The International Responsibility of States for AI-enabled Space Activities

&lt;p&gt;1. Introduction.- 2. Non-Contractual Liability.- 3. The Liability of the Launching State under the Outer Space Treaty and the Liability Convention.- 4. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;State Responsibility for AI-enabled Space Activities.- 5. Conclusion.&lt;/p&gt;

Perspectives in Law, Business and Innovation

This Open Access book, the first volume in a two-part series on quantum technology governance, provides a systematic examination of the legal and regulatory dimensions of quantum technologies, offering an original contribution to the emerging discourse on quantum governance. It distinguishes itself as one of the first comprehensive analyses to explore how quantum technologies intersect with existing legal frameworks, addressing the implications of quantum advancements for law, policy, and regulatory practice. The work examines how developments in quantum computing, cryptography, and sensing challenge established approaches to intellectual property, cybersecurity regulation, export controls, and public international law, while identifying pathways for adapting and strengthening existing governance structures. It highlights how the non-classical features of quantum technologies stress-test conventional legal doctrines and require interpretive flexibility, anticipatory policymaking, and evidence-based regulatory strategies rather than wholesale reform. Grounded in developments through 2025, the volume equips policymakers with analytical tools to navigate legal uncertainty, balance innovation with risk, and address regulatory gaps in areas such as cybersecurity and export controls, while fostering coordinated responses at national and international levels. The book equips scholars, policymakers, and practitioners with conceptual and practical insights to evaluate the evolving interplay between technological innovation, security, and legal order in the quantum era. With an interdisciplinary perspective, it advances understanding of how legal and regulatory systems can respond to the technical and governance challenges posed by quantum technologies.

Law and Regulation

Quantum Technology Governance I

Law for Professionals

Governance and Sustainability in Ocean Energy and Mineral Activities

Legal Perspectives on Deep Sea Mining

Das Buch illustriert die facettenreiche Komplexität der KI-Risiken. Denn Anwendungen Künstlicher Intelligenzen reichern zunehmend unzählige Lebensbereiche an, was zu mannigfaltigen und immer neuen Ausformungen dieser Technologie führt – und damit einhergehend zu vielschichtigen Risikoaspekten und Risikolagen. Deshalb stammen die Autoren dieses Buches aus unterschiedlichsten fachlichen Sphären und beleuchten das Thema aus ihrer jeweils ganz eigenen Sachexpertise. Behandelt wird die KI in einzelnen Sektoren, namentlich im justiziellen, sicherheitsbehördlichen, medizinischen sowie psychologisch-therapeutischen Bereich. Die KI-Technologie selbst wird anhand ihrer Halluzinationen sowie der synthetischen Kommunikation zwischen Künstlichen Intelligenzen thematisiert. Dargestellte Möglichkeiten der KI-Risikomitigation umfassen die außerstaatliche Regelsetzung ebenso wie das Konzept eines Computerprogramms, das Verhaltensweisen von Künstlichen Intelligenzen überwachen soll. Das Verhältnis des Menschen zur KI ist Thema von Untersuchungen zu autonomen Künstlichen Intelligenzen und menschlichem Entscheidungshandeln. Risiken der KI-Regulierung wiederum liegen einer Untersuchung des Spannungsverhältnisses von AI-Act und der geostrategischen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit Europas zugrunde. Der Begriff der Cyberresilienz wird im Lichte der Künstlichen Intelligenz ergänzt um einen proaktiven und präventiven Begriff der Cybervigilanz. In ethischer Hinsicht wird das strukturelle Verhältnis von Bias, Diskriminierung und Fairness analysiert, eine umfassende weltanschaulich-religiöse Risikoperspektive entwickelt sowie die Prägung unserer moralisch-normativen Einstellungen durch synthetische KI-Realitäten untersucht. Durch all dies entsteht ein aufgefächerter Blick auf mannigfaltige Problemlagen, was bei der Leserschaft ein umfassendes und ganzheitliches Begreifen ermöglicht.

Risikoanalyse Künstliche Intelligenz

Space Law and Policy

This book explores the intersection of international law, space exploration, and global equity, focusing on the emerging legal and policy challenges of space resource mining. As technological advancements and geopolitical competition drive humanity toward a new era of space exploration, the governance of outer space resources becomes a critical issue. The book examines the implications of international competition over space mining, highlighting the potential for conflict and the need for equitable resource distribution.&nbsp;
Each chapter presents fundamental concepts, policies, and contemporary developments, encouraging readers to critically assess the evolving legal frameworks. With contributions from leading space law scholars, the book offers a holistic and structured approach to understanding the complexities of resource mining beyond Earth.
Beyond legal and policy aspects, the book addresses ethical and sustainability concerns, emphasizing the risks of space resource exploitation mirroring historical patterns of colonial dominance. It advocates for inclusive frameworks that ensure all nations, not just technologically advanced ones, benefit from space mining. The book also considers environmental challenges and the necessity of long-term sustainability in outer space activities.
Designed for scholars, policymakers, industry professionals, and students, this book serves as a valuable resource in international law, space policy, and global governance. Given the limited literature on space resource mining and Artemis Accords, this work offers a timely and unique contribution to the growing discourse on fair and sustainable space exploration.

Legal Responses to Space Resource Utilisation

Sustainable Development Goals Series

The book investigates the impact of recent policies and regulatory changes related to innovation on Indian organizations. The book keeps a sharp focus on tracking innovation-related public policy in India. Out of the three methods of looking into innovation (i.e., R&amp;D expenditure, patents, and innovation survey), it adopts the innovation survey method. An innovation survey that traces innovation over almost a decade is a novel contribution of the book. Additionally, using quantitative and qualitative methods in the study makes it more dynamic and robust. The book helps to identify both the quantitative and qualitative trends and patterns of innovation in India. The book adopts the survey method to trace and identify the impact of changing policies and regulations related to innovation in India for almost a decade (i.e., 2016, 2020, and 2023). The book uniquely covers not only Indian manufacturing and non-manufacturing firms (i.e., micro, small, medium, and large) but also startups, HEIs, and R&amp;D labs in its survey. The book is of interest to policymakers, academics, embassies, state-level government offices, researchers, and students.

A Snapshot of Survey Results from 2016-23

Tracking Innovation Ecosystem in India

Law, Governance and Technology Series

This book offers a timely and in-depth analysis of how Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and metaverse technologies are reshaping key legal concepts and regulatory frameworks in the digital age.
As blockchain-based assets and immersive virtual environments gain traction across industries—from finance and art to gaming and social interaction—they challenge foundational assumptions about property, contract, jurisdiction, and democratic governance. NFTs and Metaverses versus Law explores the legal disruptions triggered by these technologies through a multidimensional structure that blends doctrinal insight with regulatory and policy relevance.
The volume is organized into six thematic parts: it opens by clarifying core terminology and the constitutional implications of digital governance, then addresses how NFTs interact with financial market rules and investor protection. It examines the redefinition of ownership through tokenization, the challenges of smart contract enforceability, the risks of market concentration in decentralized ecosystems, and the emerging tensions between data protection and personalization in virtual spaces. Throughout, the book highlights regulatory gaps and tensions, especially in transnational digital contexts where territorial sovereignty collides with borderless code. Drawing on developments in the European Union—such as the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCAR), the Digital Services Act (DSA), and the Digital Markets Act (DMA)—the analysis connects legal theory with concrete regulatory responses. Accessible yet rigorous, this work speaks to scholars, practitioners, and regulators alike. It provides both analytical tools and practical perspectives for navigating legal change in an era where digital assets hold real-world value and virtual worlds increasingly intersect with our social, economic, and legal systems. NFTs and Metaverses versus Law does not merely describe a transformation in legal thinking—it contributes to shaping its direction.

How NFTs and Metaverse are Reshaping Legal Systems

Law and Politics of Virtual Worlds

The Business of Outer Space assesses selected legal issues associated with commercial space activities. The book begins by explaining the historical background that has given rise to the diverse and expanding contemporary commercial space industry, including important milestones that have facilitated the growth of the industry. The book explains the various segments or categories that make up the commercial space industry including their associated goods and services. This provides the reader with the context needed to comprehend the growth and diversification of commercial space activities from space manufacturing to satellite data services.&nbsp;The book continues with&nbsp;a&nbsp;series of topical case studies of relevance to various space activities. For example, the book dedicates&nbsp;a&nbsp;chapter to examining the close connection that exists between commercial and military space activities and analysing how dual-use technologies offered by commercial entities have an important role to play in military space operations. The book continues with&nbsp;a&nbsp;deep dive into the emerging connections between the artificial intelligence industry and space industry, and the risks and opportunities therein.&nbsp;A&nbsp;significant and timely case study within the book is the regulation of satellite (mega) constellations. This case study examines commercial and regulatory issues associated with the deployment of satellite constellations, paying close attention to how current international space legal frameworks might regulate such activities. Of particular relevance to many space businesses is the topic of intellectual property. The book described in detail the application of patent law in the context of space activities and discusses how international space law and certain domestic laws may provide greater certainty for space actors with regards to intellectual property and space activities. Finally, considering the complex engineering considerations faced by many space companies, the book provides the reader with&nbsp;a&nbsp;detailed analysis of how&nbsp;a&nbsp;system-of-systems risk management approach can assist with some of the challenges associated with designing and operating commercial space missions.&nbsp;The work contained in this book is intended to provide the reader with series of select case studies examining topics related to commercial space activities. The book will appeal to&nbsp;a&nbsp;broad range of reader from policy makers, space lawyers, regulatory bodies, space businesses, national space agencies as well as academics, researcher, and students.

Commercial and Legal Issues

The Business of Outer Space

Outer space is no longer a distant frontier. It is a contested domain with immediate global consequences. Once defined by exploration and cooperation, it is now shaped by military competition, rapid technological change, environmental stress, and expanding commercial activity.This book offers an integrated account of space governance through four critical lenses: security, law, sustainability, and economics. It examines the militarisation of space and the rise of artificial intelligence, the resilience and limits of international law, the urgent challenge of space debris, and the growing influence of private actors.By weaving these perspectives together, the volume argues for comprehensive governance frameworks that move beyond fragmented solutions. It highlights how today's choices will determine whether outer space remains a shared domain for peace, innovation, and human progress or becomes a theatre of conflict and competition.

Security, Law, Sustainability, and Economics

Governing Outer Space

Munich Studies on Innovation and Competition

“It is commonly held that the limited market of Personalised Medicine (PM) undermines the relevance of patent protection, given the limited returns on investment. However, contrary to initial assumptions, this study finds that PM markets are not per se unattractive financially because of their size. While each application market may be characterised by a smaller consumer base, this does not represent the entire scale of the market. The same substance may be utilised for a multitude of applications, encompassing both personalised and conventional drugs. In addition, factors such as the added value of more efficient and targeted treatments and cost reduction of clinical trials also enhance PM’s appeal. 
Despite the absence of any substantial challenges to the patentability of PM drugs and diagnostics in Europe, the enforcement of these rights against infringement is notably challenging. The uncertain enforcement environment has been shown to encourage strategic behavior from both patent holders and generic manufacturers, potentially leading to market dysfunction. 
In light of the patent system’s inherent limitations, the study also investigates the regulatory exclusivity framework. This study provides an unprecedented holistic examination of the incentives for PM under patent, supplementary protection certificates, and regulatory laws. 
The study’s findings also reveal that while the EU aspires to lead globally in PM research and acknowledge its societal importance—especially given ageing populations and mounting healthcare expenses—no specific exclusivity rights for PM have been introduced or the existing ones adapted. In order to address this gap, the author deconstructs the concept of PM from scientific, economic, and normative perspectives to identify potential subjects that could be covered by exclusivity rights. 
The in-depth analysis effectively demystifies the complex scientific and economic foundations of PM, rendering them accessible and comprehensible. By undertaking this analysis, the author identifies areas within PM that may benefit from the de lege lata exclusivities or from the implementation of dedicated exclusivity rights as well as the incoherences in de lege lata and its application, especially in regard to regulatory law.”

Incentives from Exclusivities Provided by IP and Regulatory Law

Personalised Medicine

This book presents a curated overview of the literature that encompasses legal, economic, business, technological, and public policy debates around patented technologies in globally standardized technologies of the future, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, USB and 5G. They are a result of a collaborative process, complex engineering, and sustained R&amp;D investment. These technologies and many more require common global technical standards that make them accessible, interconnected, and interoperable. The patents that are essential to the functioning of these standardized technologies, or standard essential patents (SEPs), are at the front and centre of all industries, governance methods, and interaction of citizens with the market and the state.&nbsp;
The extensive literature review presented in this book helps us understand how patents drive rapid advances in technology and diverse applications in healthcare, wearable devices, automobiles, quantum tech, appliances, finance, defence, energy, computing, advanced research, and several allied areas. It provides an overview of the role of technical standards and how standard development bodies shape technology diffusion. This book maintains a balance between the interests of all crucial stakeholders — innovators &amp; patent holders, developers &amp; implementers of technical standards, licensors &amp; licensees of essential patents, patent offices &amp; regulatory bodies, downstream consumers &amp; end-users, and the scientific community.&nbsp;
This book will help understand the new challenges faced by people, organizations, and the planet in this decade and the way we pivot towards technologies of the future, and the way we blend perspectives from different disciplines and domains. It will ultimately determine how and when innovation in fast-emerging technologies like 6G, Artificial Intelligence, Natural Language Processing, Large Language Models, Quantum Computing, and Internet of Things is realized and deployed for the greater good.&nbsp;

A Curated Overview of Literature

Global Intellectual Property Licensing in Technologies of the Future

Artificial Intelligence and the Rule of Law

Using legal analysis methods, this book investigates the impact of “big data,” “data” and “information” on human society as well as the potential risks. In the context of competition issues, it analyzes relevant legal systems’ paths to perfection. Further, it discusses the intellectual property system as a problem-solving tool.The book reflects the interpretation of, attitudes to and possible treatment of non-traditional intellectual property objects such as “big data,” “data” and “information” in Chinese intellectual property law research. At the same time, it describes the attitude of the Chinese legal system to “information openness” and demonstrates the practical aspects of including “big data” in the intellectual property protection system.Offering definitions of “big data,” “data” and “information” in Chinese legal studies, this book is a valuable resource for legal researchers and information technology industry practitioners. It also enables readers to gain an understanding of the Chinese intellectual property system’s attitude to modern information technology objects and of Chinese law. Lastly, it raises awareness of “information monopoly” and offers possible ways to analyze and solve problems.

The Chinese Perspective

Big Data in the Perspective of Intellectual Property

This book maps out the moral, legal and societal issues brought forth by the use of autonomous systems such as AI and smart robots in outer space.

Humanity is on the brink of a new space era in which projects for permanent human colonies on the Moon and space missions with autonomous AI systems will soon become a reality. Principles and provisions of international space law fall increasingly short in tackling this scenario. Experts and institutions have recommended improvements to the legal framework, such as new international agreements, or policies that would not require any amendment to conventional law. Most of the time, such proposals and recommendations overlook the challenges posed by technology and how autonomous and intelligent systems in outer space require moral and legal standards of their own. 

This book argues that the traditional focus on satellite communications, space-related services, and the appropriability of celestial resources needs to be integrated by new laws of outer space regulating cybersecurity law and environmental law, data governance and consumer protection. The new laws of outer space will increasingly concern the development of new standards for the behaviour and decision-making of AI systems and smart robots, with and without humans aboard deep space missions and in next-generation colonies.

What laws shall govern us out there, in a new terra incognita? This is the question that the book sets out to answer.

Ethics, Legislation, and Governance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

The New Laws of Outer Space

The International Responsibility of States for AI-enabled Space Activities

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