Economics Volume II

Politico-economic problems. § 2. American economic problems in the past. § 3. Present-day problems: main subjects. § 4. Attempts to summarize the nation's wealth. § 5. Average wealth and the problem of distribution. § 6. Changes in the price-standard. § 7. A sum of capital, not of wealth. § 8. Sources of food supply. § 9. The sources of heat, light, and power. § 10. Transportation agencies. § 11. Raw materials for clothing, shelter, machinery, etc. § 1. #Politico-economic problems.# The word "problem" is often on our tongues. Life itself is and always has been a problem. In every time and place in the world there have been questions of industrial policy that chal- lenged men for an answer, and new and puzzling social problems that called for a solution. And yet, when institutions, beliefs, and industrial processes were changing slowly from one generation to another and men's lives were ruled by tradition, authority, and custom, few problems of social organiza- tion forced themselves upon attention, and the immediate struggle for exis- tence absorbed the energies and the interests of men. But our time of rapidSome human problems are for the individual to solve, as, whether it is better to go to school or to go to work, to choose this occupation or that, to emi- grate or to stay at home. Other problems of wider bearing concern the whole family group; others, still wider, concern the local community, the state, or the nation. In each of these there are more or less mingled economic, politi- cal and ethical aspects. Economics in the broad sense includes the problems of individual economy, of domestic economy, of corporate economy, and of national economy. In this volume, however, we are to approach the subject from the public point of view, to consider primarily the problems of "po- litical economy," considering the private, domestic, and corporate problems only insomuch as they are connected with those of the nation or of the com- munity as a whole. Our field comprises the problems of national wealth and of communal welfare. What then are our politico-economic problems in America? They are prob- lems that are economic in nature because they concern the way that wealth shall be used and that citizens are enabled to make a living; but that are like- wise political, because they can be solved only collectively by political action. § 2. #American economic problems in the past.# With the first settlements of colonists on this continent politico-economic problems appeared. Take, for example, the land policy. Each group of colonists and each proprietary landholder had to adopt some method of land tenure whether by free grant or by sale of separate holdings or by leasing to settlers. In one way and an- other these questions were answered, but rapidly changing conditions soon forced upon men the reconsideration of the problem as the old solution