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Callon Michel: Economization

Economization

Markets, Platforms, and Ecologies

To paraphrase Sir Winston Churchill, never has so much pornography been available to so many people for so little. This is the story of how the online adult industry has plummeted from its lofty heights of the late 1990s, when a savvy Web entrepreneur could charge premium prices to thousands of eager subscribers. It is also the story of how the law has completely failed to keep pace with the technological innovations that boosted and then savaged the online adult industry. It concludes by analysing the social impact of virtually unlimited pornography of every description, available to all ages at the click of a button. Useful reading for the general reader and for students and researchers involved with business strategy, the history of technology, cultural studies, sexuality, media studies and technology more generally.

Traditionally, the presence of pornography in American society has been mediated by two primary factors: legal restrictions and the relatively high cost of the product. The degree of legal restrictions on adult material has varied from era to era and community to community, but the porn premium has remained relatively constant. Given this, these should be heady days for adult business owners. Thanks to the Internet, distribution costs are virtually nil and even the most hardcore content is easily accessible in the smallest coastal hamlet and most rural farmhouse in America. Adult industry balance sheets should be bulging with profit. But in reality, far from it. The World Wide Web has completely eradicated both the legal restrictions and premium cost that used to govern adult industry economics. To paraphrase Sir Winston Churchill, never has so much pornography been available to so many people for so little. This is the story of how the online adult industry has plummeted from its lofty heights of the late 1990s, when a savvy Web entrepreneur could charge thousands of eager subscribers premium prices. It is also the story of how the law has completely failed to keep pace with the technological innovations that boosted and then savaged the online adult industry. It concludes with a detailed analysis of the social impact of virtually unlimited pornography of every description, available to all ages at the click of a button.Accessible to the general reader, this book will appeal to those who want to know more about the adult entertainment industry in America and will prove useful reading for students and researchers involved with a wide variety of academic disciplines including business strategy, the history of technology, cultural studies, sexuality, media studies and technology more generally.

The Pornography Business

For American workers, the social contract is broken. This book gives a firsthand view of where the breaks occurred, and a prescription for rebuilding it to give workers their due. With AI making the decisions and CEOs and moguls making the money, sometimes it seems that most workers today might as well be drones. If not for a long string of missed opportunities over the last 50 years, it might have been different. In Roads Not Taken, Thomas Kochan reviews the turning points where the social contract fractured and broke, reducing workers’ voices as well as their compensation, benefits, and status. And in the lessons learned from these historical examples, he identifies the foundation for building a new labor relations system that ensures workers will share in the benefits from AI and puts America on course for an innovative and durable social contract at work. As a longtime advisor to government, labor, and management leaders, Kochan offers an eyewitness perspective on the mounting mistakes made in America’s labor relations system beginning, roughly, with Ronald Reagan’s firing of striking air traffic controllers in 1981. His book makes a strong case for new strategies on the part of labor unions and other worker advocacy groups, business, and government—strategies not wedded to the legacy labor law and practice that have failed American workers for so long. Recasting the social contract on this basis, Kochan insists, is key to rebuilding our democracy and its institutions after the damage wrought in recent years.

For American workers, the social contract is broken. This book gives a firsthand view of where the breaks occurred, and a prescription for rebuilding it to give workers their due. With AI making the decisions and CEOs and moguls making the money, sometimes it seems that most workers today might as well be drones. If not for a long string of missed opportunities over the last 50 years, it might have been different. In Roads Not Taken, Thomas Kochan reviews the turning points where the social contract fractured and broke, reducing workers’ voices as well as their compensation, benefits, and status. And in the lessons learned from these historical examples, he identifies the foundation for building a new labor relations system that ensures workers will share in the benefits from AI and puts America on course for an innovative and durable social contract at work. As a longtime advisor to government, labor, and management leaders, Kochan offers an eyewitness perspective on the mounting mistakes made in America’s labor relations system beginning, roughly, with Ronald Reagan’s firing of striking air traffic controllers in 1981. His book makes a strong case for new strategies on the part of labor unions and other worker advocacy groups, business, and government—strategies not wedded to the legacy labor law and practice that have failed American workers for so long. Recasting the social contract on this basis, Kochan insists, is key to rebuilding our democracy and its institutions after the damage wrought in recent years.

Lessons for Building a New Social Contract at Work

Roads Not Taken

Darkside
 Economics is a book about a different use of economics - as a weapon to coerce other economies or to defend them from coercion. There is intense interest in economic warfare which is much in the headlines today, but it has a long history of use and abuse.
The weapons covered include sanctions, embargoes, tariffs, technology restrictions, investment policy, financial tools and some other new instruments based on AI and crypto. We look at the history of these practices, explain how they work and estimate their effects, from the point of view of the aggressor, the target or other small countries. This includes strategic games, weapons retaliation, resilience-building, chokepoint mapping and supply chain management.
These tools often have negative economic effects, but they continue to be a central part of both diplomatic and military strategy, and they are happening in the trade wars all around us. Economists, policy-makers, students, the media and the informed public all need to understand them better. The radical ideas and intriguing stories in this short book will help them.

The Art of Economic Warfare

Darkside Economics

A Psychological Exploration of Women and Gender

Women's Lives

Handbooks in Economics

Handbook of the Economics of Identity: Volume 1

Historical Perspectives on Modern Economics

The history of money and banking has undergone three major transformations: from commodity money (e.g. currency backed by gold), to fiat money (e.g. currency not backed by a commodity), and now toward intangible money (e.g. digital forms without any backing). While the shift from commodity to fiat money was momentous, the transition to intangible money has profound implications for banking, monetary policy, and financial stability. Intangible Money, Banking, and Information provides a comprehensive overview of these transformations from the perspective of both the history of economic thought and monetary economics. It shows how advances in information and communication technology have accelerated the transition to intangible money, reshaping how transactions are recorded and how monetary systems function. At the same time, it argues that rapid financial innovation and deregulation have dramatically expanded the scale and complexity of banking and markets-often with destabilizing consequences.

The Monetary System in Theoretical and Historical Perspective

Intangible Money, Banking, and Information

Organizational Crime

This timely study offers a concise, yet thorough, introduction to the illicit arms trade. The main theme of the book confronts the complex reality, that while it is proper to think of two separate trades in arms--legal and illegal--in practice there is a considerable overlap between the two. Drawing on a wide range of primary sources, Phythian argues that the lessons of the most important and extensive cases of the last 20 years suggest that a significant element of the illicit trade in arms has in fact been sanctioned at some level of government in the pursuit of broader security or geopolitical ends.

Offering a concise, yet thorough, introduction to the illicit arms trade, the main theme of this significant volume confronts the complex reality that while it is proper to think of two separate trades in arms, legal and illegal, in practice there is a considerable overlap between the two. Although this overlap is sometimes distinguished by referring to 'black' (wholly illegal) and 'grey' (semi-legal) markets, this book situates all of these transactions along a continuum under the banner of the 'illicit arms trade'. Drawing on a wide range of primary sources, Mark Phythian argues that the lessons of the most important and extensive cases of the last fifteen to twenty years suggest that a significant element of the illicit trade in arms has in fact been sanctioned at some level of government, in the pursuit of broader security or geopolitical ends.

Understanding the Illicit Arms Trade

The Business of Arms

Realising that the need for conservation of the Outstanding Universal Values (OUVs) of World Heritage Sites still remains much more dominant than a holistic approach towards the wider social, economic and environmental implications, the book "World Heritage and Sustainable Development" aims to examine and propose ways in which sustainable cultural development can become an integral part of successful conservation and management within the context of World Heritage Sites (WHSs). In order to do so, thematic chapters concentrating on issues of building conservation, climate change and human development within the context of World Heritage Sites (WHSs) will be included.

Realising that the need for conservation of the Outstanding Universal Values (OUVs) of World Heritage Sites still remains much more dominant than a holistic approach towards the wider social, economic and environmental implications, the book “World Heritage and Sustainable Development” aims to examine and propose ways in which sustainable cultural development can become an integral part of successful conservation and management within the context of World Heritage Sites (WHSs). In order to do so, thematic chapters concentrating on issues of building conservation, climate change and human development within the context of World Heritage Sites (WHSs) will be included.

World Heritage and Sustainable Development

Why the consequences of a prolonged period of weaker economic growth will be more profound than anyone dares to predictIn the heady progress of the post-war era, our lifestyles changed, our political systems adapted, and rapid economic growth became the model of every developed economy. But this prevailing consensus is falling apart around us. Growth is now, at best, no more than anaemic. Policymakers dream about an AI revolution and tweak their fiscal rules to accommodate a newly-austere economic reality but, all the while, government debt soars, financial markets become increasingly jittery, and voters lose trust in their politicians.Celebrated economist Stephen D. King asks how our politics will adapt to such persistently low growth. While leaders make fiscal promises based on a future that is unlikely to materialise, nationalism thrives, battlelines are drawn between perceived winners and losers, and the rules-based international order crumbles. The absence of growth triggers invidious political wrangling over tax, welfare, defence and infrastructure, intensifies competition for resources, and leads to social instability.King shows how our new world is governed by them-and-us divisions over limited economic spoils. This is the political economy of plunder.&nbsp;

Winners and Losers in the Low Growth Era

The Age of Plunder

A collection of eye-opening natural experiments, showing how economists uncover cause-and-effect relationships and reveal insights about our world. Does having a daughter change how a congressperson votes? How did a nineteenth-century doctor help discover germs? Is it better to go first or second in a penalty shootout? Why don’t diplomats pay their parking tickets? Do leaders really matter? These are all questions economists ask. Some of these questions are serious, others less consequential. But all are interesting—and can be answered by way of the natural experiment. A natural experiment is an event in the real world that neatly divides people into a treatment and control group—and it is one of the greatest tools in the economist’s toolkit. In Daughters, Diplomats, and Death, Patrick Gourley discusses why and how economists have leveraged this powerful method to answer questions that were long thought unanswerable. In the vein of Freakonomics, Nudge, and The Tipping Point, the book takes the reader on a lively and engaging tour of some of the most fascinating natural experiments, explaining how they work, how they help social scientists answer questions, and what conclusions they reached. The experiments illuminate a wide range of timely issues in health, education, reproductive issues, and the environment, lending rich and much-needed nuance to the complex debates that shape today’s headlines.

A collection of eye-opening natural experiments, showing how economists uncover cause-and-effect relationships and reveal insights about our world. Does having a daughter change how a congressperson votes? How did a nineteenth-century doctor help discover germs? Is it better to go first or second in a penalty shootout? Why don’t diplomats pay their parking tickets? Do leaders really matter? These are all questions economists ask. Some of these questions are serious, others less consequential. But all are interesting—and can be answered by way of the natural experiment. A natural experiment is an event in the real world that neatly divides people into a treatment and control group—and it is one of the greatest tools in the economist’s toolkit. In Daughters, Diplomats, and Death, Patrick Gourley discusses why and how economists have leveraged this powerful method to answer questions that were long thought unanswerable. In the vein of Freakonomics, Nudge, and The Tipping Point, the book takes the reader on a lively and engaging tour of some of the most fascinating natural experiments, explaining how they work, how they help social scientists answer questions, and what conclusions they reached. The experiments illuminate a wide range of timely issues in health, education, reproductive issues, and the environment, lending rich and much-needed nuance to the complex debates that shape today’s headlines.

How Economists Use Natural Experiments to Decipher Our World

Daughters, Diplomats, and Death

Palgrave Studies in Economic History

This two volume edited collection presents a diverse and comprehensive examination of the history of Latin American agriculture over the last 150 years. It will fill a major gap in the literature by offering a coherent study of the agricultural sector that both involves all the national economies while revising and updating existing research on the long-run evolution of agriculture across the continent and its links with overall economic development.The second volume analyses the agricultural sector in&nbsp;eleven&nbsp;Latin American economies – Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela– in terms of agricultural production, use of inputs (land, capital, labour), technological change, institutional factors, the design of agricultural public policies and the consequences in terms of environmental degradation. Through these detailed case studies, the book deals with four core themes to offer an updated, informed perspective on Latin American agriculture, including its major institutions and reforms, the role of the state and public policy design, the impact of globalization and the continent’s engagement with global markets, as well as the still-evolving environmental impacts of the sector. Weaving an awareness of broader regional and global contexts into each chapter, the volume illuminates the diversity of developments and trends in agricultural history across different countries, facilitating stronger understanding of the role of agriculture in economic development and policy implications for the continent today. The book will be a valuable resource for scholars of economic and agricultural history, as well as development economics and Latin American economic policy.Miguel Martín-Retortillo
 is Associate Professor of Economic History at the University of Alcala, Spain. His academic interests are related to agriculture and its main transformations in a long term perspective. The focus of his research has been in European and Latin American agriculture. He has also worked at the University of Zaragoza and Pompeu Fabra University.&nbsp;
 Vicente Pinilla 
 is Professor in Economic History at the University of Zaragoza and researcher at the Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragon, in Spain. His research interests are in international trade, agricultural products, long-term agricultural changes, environmental history, wine economics and depopulation processes and policies.
 Jackeline Velazco-Portocarrero
 is an Associate Professor of Economics affiliated with the University of Girona (Spain) and the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. She holds a Master’s degree in Development Studies, with a specialization in agricultural and rural development, from the International Institute of Social Studies in The Hague. She obtained a PhD in Economics from the University of Manchester and a PhD in Economic History from the University of Barcelona. Her research focuses on the long-term analysis of agrarian productivity from a Latin American perspective, the role of agriculture in economic growth, urban–rural linkages over time, and the importance of non-farm rural activities within family farming systems.
 Henry Willebald
 is a faculty member of Economic Institute (IECON), Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y de Administración (FCEA), Universidad de la República, Uruguay, and Full Professor in Economic History and Economic Development.&nbsp; His research interests are in modern economic growth in settler economies and Latin American countries, diverse dimensions of economic development at national and regional level, inequality, productive specialization, natural resources and sustainability. His recent books are Tirado-Fabregat, D., Badia-Miró, M. and Willebald, H. (eds.) (2020) Time and Space: Latin American Regional Development in Historical Perspective. Palgrave Studies in Economic History. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISSN: 2662-6497, and Pinilla, V. and Willebald, H. (eds.) (2018) Agricultural Development in the World Periphery. A Global Economic History Approach.

This two volume edited collection presents a diverse and comprehensive examination of the history of Latin American agriculture over the last 150 years. It will fill a major gap in the literature by offering a coherent study of the agricultural sector that both involves all the national economies while revising and updating existing research on the long-run evolution of agriculture across the continent and its links with overall economic development.The second volume analyses the agricultural sector in&nbsp;eleven&nbsp;Latin American economies – Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela– in terms of agricultural production, use of inputs (land, capital, labour), technological change, institutional factors, the design of agricultural public policies and the consequences in terms of environmental degradation. Through these detailed case studies, the book deals with four core themes to offer an updated, informed perspective on Latin American agriculture, including its major institutions and reforms, the role of the state and public policy design, the impact of globalization and the continent’s engagement with global markets, as well as the still-evolving environmental impacts of the sector. Weaving an awareness of broader regional and global contexts into each chapter, the volume illuminates the diversity of developments and trends in agricultural history across different countries, facilitating stronger understanding of the role of agriculture in economic development and policy implications for the continent today. The book will be a valuable resource for scholars of economic and agricultural history, as well as development economics and Latin American economic policy.

National Trajectories, 1870–2020

Persistence, Evolution and Change in Latin American Agriculture, Volume II

Eight Principles to Craft a More Conscious, Collaborative, and Connected Future

Artisan Economics

Economization

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