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Constitución  de Baraguá

La Constitución española de 1876 se promulgó el 30 de junio de 1876 por Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. A partir de un borrador confeccionado por un grupo de 600 notables, antiguos senadores y diputados de anteriores legislaturas, designados por Cánovas.
La comisión definitiva, presidida por Manuel Alonso Martínez, contaba con treinta y nueve miembros. El texto final se aprobó sin grandes cambios por unas Cortes constituyentes elegidas por sufragio universal masculino de acuerdo a lo previsto en la Constitución española de 1869.
Esta constitución estuvo vigente cuarenta y siete años, hasta el golpe de Estado de Primo de Rivera de 1923, siendo la constitución más duradera de la historia de España hasta el momento.
De entre las principales características de la Constitución de 1876, cabe señalar las siguientes:


Soberanía compartida entre las Cortes y el rey, siendo este último el encargado de regular los tres poderes del Estado, así como dirigir y moderar la vida política.
Establecía un poder legislativo bicameral, con un Senado cuyos miembros eran designados por el rey, y un Congreso de los Diputados salido de los procesos electorales.
Carecía de una regulación de los derechos ciudadanos, que se dejaban en manos de la legislación posterior y la interpretación de los gobiernos de turno.
No especificaba el sistema de votación, quedando el derecho al sufragio abierto al uso de la modalidad basada en el censo o a su universalización. Finalmente, el sufragio universal masculino terminó por imponerse en 1890.
Sus firmantes fueron: Alfonso XII. El Presidente del Consejo de Ministros, Ministro interino de Hacienda, Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. El Ministro de Estado, Fernando Calderón y Collantes. El Ministro de Gracia y Justicia, Cristóbal Martín de Herrera.
El Ministro de la Guerra, Francisco de Ceballos y Vargas. El Ministro de Marina, Juan de Antequera. El Ministro de la Gobernación, Francisco Romero y Robledo. El Ministro de Fomento, Francisco Queipo de Llano. El Ministro de Ultramar, Adelardo López de Ayala.

Constitución española de 1876

Compact City Planning Maps

Experience your dream trip with Lonely Planet's Havana City Map, the ultimate travel tool to help you plan and navigate your way around amazing local sights, landmarks and attractions.Explore the neighborhood of Fusterlandia, a masterpiece of kaleidoscopic colours; roam car-free Calle Mercaderes; people-watch at Plaza Vieja; and decide where you want to go next and what you want to see in each of the city's exciting neighborhoods.Inside Lonely Planet's Havana City Map:<ul><li>Full colour map in a durable easy-fold format</li><li>Waterproof and packaged in a handy slipcase</li><li>Alphanumeric grid to find points of interest easily</li><li>Public transport explained to help you get around</li><li>Top picks of must-see highlights including Castillo de la Real Fuerza; Capitolio Nacional; and Museo de la Ciudad</li><li>Essential travel tips and nuts and bolts information on money, food &amp; drink, Centro Habana streetlife, and more</li><li>Beautiful photography and bonus zoomed-in map of Verdado</li><li>Covers: Habana Vieja, Parque Historico Militar Morro Cabana, Centro Habana, Vedado, Playa &amp; Marianao, Playas del Este</li></ul>&nbsp;Get ready for your next adventure with Lonely Planet's Havana City Map, the ultimate navigation tool to help you explore Havana's well-known attractions and best-kept secrets.

Experience your dream trip with Lonely Planet's Havana City Map, the ultimate travel tool with a full colour, easy-fold waterproof map and handy slipcase. Discover must-see highlights from roaming Calle Mercaderes to exploring the masterpiece that is Fusterlandia; find top travel information and tips; and get to where you want to go - your way.

Durable, Waterproof, Easy-Fold Planning Map with Attractions & Walking Tours

Lonely Planet Havana City Map

La Constitución para la Confederación Granadina de 1858 representa un hito en la historia política de la región que hoy conocemos como Colombia. Redactada y promulgada por el Senado y la Cámara de Representantes de la Nueva Granada, esta Constitución surgió del Acto Legislativo del 10 de febrero de 1858, que reformó y añadió al Artículo 57 de la Constitución previa. El documento establecía la estructura política de la Confederación Granadina, una entidad federal compuesta por los Estados de Antioquia, Bolívar, Boyacá, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Panamá y Santander.
Promulgada bajo la protección de "Dios Omnipotente, Autor y Supremo Legislador del Universo", la Constitución del 22 de mayo de 1858 delineó las bases para una nación soberana, libre e independiente, confederada a perpetuidad bajo el nombre de "Confederación Granadina". Este documento legal fue crucial en definir los límites territoriales de la Confederación, que correspondían a los del Virreinato de Nueva Granada en 1810, y estableció las relaciones fronterizas con Venezuela, Guatemala, Brasil y Ecuador.
La Constitución también definió la ciudadanía en la Confederación Granadina, estableciendo que eran granadinos todos los nacidos en el territorio confederado, los hijos de granadinos nacidos en el extranjero, los naturalizados y aquellos que, aunque no cumplieran con estos criterios, tuvieran las cualidades de granadinos según la Constitución de 1853. Además, se precisó quiénes eran considerados granadinos de nacimiento, incluyendo a los colombianos que habían prestado servicios al gobierno nacional.
Otro aspecto importante de la Constitución era la definición de los derechos y responsabilidades de los ciudadanos. Se estableció que los ciudadanos aptos para votar o ser elegidos para cargos públicos eran los varones granadinos mayores de 21 años, así como los menores de esa edad si estaban o habían estado casados. La ciudadanía podía suspenderse solo en caso de condena criminal o por enajenación mental.
Esta Constitución, aunque reemplazada posteriormente por la Constitución política de los Estados Unidos de Colombia de 1863, fue un paso significativo hacia la consolidación del federalismo en la región y marcó un periodo importante en la evolución constitucional y política de Colombia. Su promulgación fue un reflejo de los cambios sociales y políticos que se estaban produciendo en el país y en la región durante el siglo XIX.

Constitución para la Confederación Granadina de 1858

“T.J. English hits the bullseye again. This is true crime writing at its most gripping and immediate — a riveting epic about crooked cops, lawyers, prosecutors, judges, and politicians who corrupted a continent and got snow to flow out of the tropics. The Last Kilo is a revelation.” —Nicholas Pileggi, author of Goodfellas and CasinoFrom true-crime legend T. J. English, the epic, behind-the-scenes saga of “Los Muchachos,” one of the most successful cocaine trafficking organizations in American history—a story of glitz, glamour, and organized crime set against the notorious 1980s Miami drug war.Despite what Scarface might lead one to believe, violence was not the dominant characteristic of the cocaine business. It was corruption: the dirty cops, agents, lawyers, judges, and politicians who made the drug world go round. And no one managed that carousel of dangerous players in the South Florida underworld better than Willy Falcon.A Cuban exile whose family escaped Fidel Castro’s Cuba when he was eleven years old, Falcon, as a teenager, became active in the anti-Castro movement. He began smuggling cocaine into the U.S. as a way to raise money to buy arms for the Contras in Central America. This counter-revolutionary activity led directly to Willy’s genesis as a narco. He and his partners built an extraordinary international organization from the ground up. Los Muchachos, the syndicate founded by Falcon, thrived as a major cocaine distribution network in the U.S. from the late 1970’s into the early 1990’s. At their height, Los Muchachos made more than a hundred million dollars a year. At the same time, Willy, his brother Tavy Falcon, and partner Sal Magluta became famous as championship powerboat racers.Cocaine, used by everyone from A-list celebrities to lawyers and people in law enforcement, came to define the Cocaine Cowboys era, and for a time, Willy Falcon and those like him—major suppliers, of whom there were only a few—became stars in their own right. They were the deliverers of good times, at least until the downside of persistent cocaine use became apparent: delusions of grandeur, psychological addiction, financial ruin. Thus, the War on Drugs was born, and federal authorities came after Falcon and his crew with a vengeance. Willy found himself on the run, his marriage and family life in shambles, the halcyon days of boat races and lavish trips to Vegas and parties at the Mutiny night club seemingly a distant memory.T. J. English has been granted unprecedented access to the inner workings of Los Muchachos, sitting down with Willy Falcon and his associates for many lengthy interviews, and revealing never-before-understood details about drug trafficking and money laundering. A classic of true-crime writing from a master of the genre,&nbsp;The Last Kilo&nbsp;traces the rise and fall of a true cocaine empire—and the lives left in its wake.Go beyond the myth of the Cocaine Cowboys and discover the real story of the Miami drug war:<ul><li>A True Crime Saga: Follow the rise of Willy Falcon and Sal Magluta, championship powerboat racers who secretly built one of America’s most successful cocaine empires.</li><li>Unprecedented Access: Drawn from groundbreaking, exclusive interviews with Willy Falcon himself, revealing the inner workings of his multibillion-dollar operation for the first time.</li><li>From Freedom Fighters to Narcos: Uncover the shocking connection between the cocaine trade and the anti-Castro movement.</li><li>Corruption, Not Carnage: Discover why dirty cops, crooked lawyers, and powerful politicians—not just violence—were the true engines of the 1980s drug trade.</li>
</ul>

“T.J. English hits the bullseye again. This is true crime writing at its most gripping and immediate — a riveting epic about crooked cops, lawyers, prosecutors, judges, and politicians who corrupted a continent and got snow to flow out of the tropics. The Last Kilo is a revelation.” —Nicholas Pileggi, author of Goodfellas and CasinoFrom true-crime legend T. J. English, the epic, behind-the-scenes saga of “Los Muchachos,” one of the most successful cocaine trafficking organizations in American history—a story of glitz, glamour, and organized crime set against the notorious 1980s Miami drug war.Despite what Scarface might lead one to believe, violence was not the dominant characteristic of the cocaine business. It was corruption: the dirty cops, agents, lawyers, judges, and politicians who made the drug world go round. And no one managed that carousel of dangerous players in the South Florida underworld better than Willy Falcon.A Cuban exile whose family escaped Fidel Castro’s Cuba when he was eleven years old, Falcon, as a teenager, became active in the anti-Castro movement. He began smuggling cocaine into the U.S. as a way to raise money to buy arms for the Contras in Central America. This counter-revolutionary activity led directly to Willy’s genesis as a narco. He and his partners built an extraordinary international organization from the ground up. Los Muchachos, the syndicate founded by Falcon, thrived as a major cocaine distribution network in the U.S. from the late 1970’s into the early 1990’s. At their height, Los Muchachos made more than a hundred million dollars a year. At the same time, Willy, his brother Tavy Falcon, and partner Sal Magluta became famous as championship powerboat racers.Cocaine, used by everyone from A-list celebrities to lawyers and people in law enforcement, came to define the Cocaine Cowboys era, and for a time, Willy Falcon and those like him—major suppliers, of whom there were only a few—became stars in their own right. They were the deliverers of good times, at least until the downside of persistent cocaine use became apparent: delusions of grandeur, psychological addiction, financial ruin. Thus, the War on Drugs was born, and federal authorities came after Falcon and his crew with a vengeance. Willy found himself on the run, his marriage and family life in shambles, the halcyon days of boat races and lavish trips to Vegas and parties at the Mutiny night club seemingly a distant memory.T. J. English has been granted unprecedented access to the inner workings of Los Muchachos, sitting down with Willy Falcon and his associates for many lengthy interviews, and revealing never-before-understood details about drug trafficking and money laundering. A classic of true-crime writing from a master of the genre,&nbsp;The Last Kilo&nbsp;traces the rise and fall of a true cocaine empire—and the lives left in its wake.Go beyond the myth of the Cocaine Cowboys and discover the real story of the Miami drug war:<ul><li>A True Crime Saga: Follow the rise of Willy Falcon and Sal Magluta, championship powerboat racers who secretly built one of America’s most successful cocaine empires.</li><li>Unprecedented Access: Drawn from groundbreaking, exclusive interviews with Willy Falcon himself, revealing the inner workings of his multibillion-dollar operation for the first time.</li><li>From Freedom Fighters to Narcos: Uncover the shocking connection between the cocaine trade and the anti-Castro movement.</li><li>Corruption, Not Carnage: Discover why dirty cops, crooked lawyers, and powerful politicians—not just violence—were the true engines of the 1980s drug trade.</li></ul>

Willy Falcon and the Cocaine Empire That Seduced America

The Last Kilo

Este es un compendio de Todas las Constituciones cubanas del siglo XX.


Constitución de 1901
Enmienda Platt de 1901
Constitución de 1902
Constitución de la República de Cuba. 1940
Constitución de 1976
Constitución de 1992

Todas las Constituciones cubanas del siglo XX

Bloomsbury Studies on Cuba

This book by Paolo Spadoni and José Luis Perelló Cabreraexamines the history of tourism in Cuba and the expansion and struggles of international tourism in Cuba in the post-Cold War era.

The Cuban Tourism Industry: Evolution, Challenges, and Prospects begins with a historical review of the development of tourism as an important industry in pre-1959 Cuba and the subsequent decline in the first fifteen years of the revolution before a modest recovery in the second half of the 1970s and during the 1980s. Spadoni and Cabrera continue with a thorough analysis of the remarkable expansion of international tourism in Cuba in the post-Cold War era and in the era of improved relations with the United States that officially began in 2014, along with an assessment of the sector's economic impact and its main challenges. A critical assessment of the damaging effects on the Cuban tourism sector of stiffened U.S. sanctions imposed by the Trump administration, and largely maintained by the Biden administration, is also provided. This book examines tourism trends in Cuba and the Caribbean in the post-pandemic era and sheds additional light on Cuba's recent tourism performance to underscore key flaws of the Cuban tourism industry and suggest potential adjustments.

Evolution, Challenges, and Prospects

The Cuban Tourism Industry

An “utterly unforgettable” (Kevin Wilson, New York Times bestselling author of Nothing to See Here) debut novel about a Cuban American family sent into a tailspin when the ailing matriarch confesses the first of several shocking secrets to her daughter. Mónica Campo is pregnant with her first child when, moments before being wheeled into emergency heart surgery, her mother confesses a long-held secret: Mónica’s father is not the man who raised her. But when her mother wakes up and begins having delusional episodes, Mónica doesn’t know what to believe—whether the confession was real or just a channeling of the telenovela her mother watches nightly. In her despair, Mónica wants to speak with only one person: her ex-boyfriend of five years, Manny. She can’t help but worry, though, what this says about her relationship with her fiancé and father of her unborn child. Mónica’s search for the truth leads her to a new understanding of the past—the early ’80s, when her parents arrived from Cuba on the famous Mariel boatlift, and the tumultuous ’70s, a decade after Castro’s takeover, when some people were still secretly fighting his regime—people like her mother and the man she claims is Mónica’s real father. Tell It to Me Singing is “so fantastic and funny, so full of life, and so full of genuine heart that, like your favorite binge-worthy show, you'll have trouble pulling yourself away” (Cristina Henríquez, author of The Great Divide). This “rich portrait” (Kirkus Reviews) of a family takes readers from Miami to Cuba to the jungles of Costa Rica and, along the way, explores the question of how and to whom we belong, how a life is built, and how we know we’re home.

Tell It to Me Singing

'A pleasure and an invigoration' Guardian 'A moving, witty and seductive anthology' Financial Times 'Every piece feels beautifully sewn together and complete' BERNARDINE EVARISTO Crafted over twenty-five years, I Want to Talk to You invites you into a conversation about literature, art and music, identity, grief and everything in between As a young journalist, Diana Evans was catapulted overnight into the role of culture editor, going on to interview a roster of stars including Lauryn Hill, Viola Davis, Alice Walker and Edward Enninful. In these portraits of contemporary icons, the author remains the observer. Alongside them, in pieces collected here for the first time, we also see her turning the lens on herself. We watch as she dances on stages in London and travels through Cuba. We sit beside her desk as she develops her voice as a writer, shaped by her love for Jean Rhys, James Baldwin and Toni Morrison. We walk by her side as she navigates the world - her family and the midlife sandwich, reflections on fashion, yoga, the British monarchy and lockdowns, and the lasting impact of George Floyd and Grenfell. 'Truly insightful, conversational and unique... Absolutely brilliant' ORE AGBAJE-WILLIAMS 'Intimate and moving... Elegant in tone and finely wrought in form' EKOW ESHUN 'A celebration of a career that has been anything but ordinary and an intellectual mind forever evolving' CHARLIE BRINKHURST-CUFF

And Other Conversations

I Want to Talk to You

La Constitución española de 1837 intentó establecer un equilibrio conciliador entre progresistas y moderados, las fuerzas políticas con más peso en la España de entonces.
Esta Constitución aparece en un contexto muy particular. En 1836, sucedió el levantamiento de La Granja de San Ildefonso, recogido por Benito Pérez Galdós en su novela De Oñate a la Granja, de sus Episodios Nacionales. Este hecho forzó a la regente María Cristina a restablecer la Constitución de Cádiz de 1812.
En este contexto se decidió convocar a Cortes Constituyentes para actualizar la Constitución de 1812. Se buscaba una Constitución de consenso, que hiciera posible la alternancia en el poder entre progresistas y moderados sin tener que cambiar más la legislación.
Un detalle peculiar de la Constitución española de 1837 es que está firmada por dos mujeres. En primer lugar por María Cristina de Borbón, como reina viuda, y por su hija Isabel II de Borbón, que ese año cumplía siete años de edad.
Esta Constitución se reemplazó por la Constitución Española de 1845. Documento que también promulgó Isabel II cuando la joven reina tenía quince años. Cabe destacar que el segundo de sus artículos adicionales proclama que:


Las provincias de Ultramar serán gobernadas por leyes especiales.


Dejando así suspendidas en Puerto Rico, Filipinas y Cuba las libertades concedidas a los habitantes de la Península Ibérica. Este artículo tuvo enorme repercusión en la formación de una conciencia nacional, indepentista, en dichos territorios coloniales.

Constitución española de 1837

En 1939, el presidente de la República de Cuba, Federico Laredo Brú, trató de mediar entre los jefes de la oposición y Fulgencio Batista para sentar las bases de la convocatoria a una Convención Constituyente.
En una histórica reunión convocada por Laredo Brú en la finca Párraga en el Wajay,


Ramón Grau San Martín,
Fulgencio Batista,
Mario García Menocal,
Joaquín Martínez Sáenz
y Miguel Mariano Gómez
acordaron sellar el Pacto de Conciliación que culminó en la Constituyente. La nueva constitución se debatió públicamente durante seis meses y se adoptó en el Capitolio de La Habana.
La Constitución cubana de 1940 fue firmada finalmente el 1 de julio de 1940, en Guáimaro, como tributo a los independentistas cubanos que firmaron allí la Primera Constitución de Cuba de 1869.
Con la promulgación de esta constitución, Cuba se convierte en un estado social de derecho, independiente y soberano. Se autodefine como una República unitaria y democrática orientada al desarrollo de la personalidad, la solidaridad, la justicia y el bienestar general. Asimismo defiende las instituciones sociales fundamentales como el trabajo, la familia y la cultura.
La Constitución cubana de 1940 sorprende a muchos por su modernidad y espíritu soberano. Las razas, la emigración, la condición de la mujer (véase la lista de mujeres que figuran en su Consejo constituyente), la igualdad de posibilidades y la defensa de un Estado protector de las clases desfavorecidas son algunos de sus principales atributos.
Sin embargo, quedó siempre pendiente el cumplimiento de lo aquí estipulado y tras el Golpe de estado de 1952, la Revolución de 1959 terminó derogándola.

Constitución cubana de 1940

La Constitución cubana de  2019 es un documento de continuidad y de cambio. Expresa una nueva etapa en la vida social y política de la nación, replantea estructuras del Estado, incorpora una carta de derechos que acoge tendencias del Derecho contemporáneo, consagra un plexo axiológico que insufla eticidad a la vida republicana, propicia la inserción de Cuba en la Aldea Global. La presente obra reúne siete trabajos de autores cubanos, que abordan aspectos que dificultan la implementación del amparo y nociones conceptuales, cuya adecuada apreciación coadyuvará a que el proceso adopte el cauce que le corresponde. Es un aporte de la Organización Nacional de Bufetes Colectivos (ONBC), ocupada permanentemente en la superación de los abogados.

Carlos Manuel Villabella Armengol

Reflexiones a dos años de su implementación

Proceso de amparo en Cuba

"An extraordinary achievement." -David Edgerton, Literary Review "A remarkably researched, comprehensive, and indispensable book for everyone who wishes to understand how sugar and the sugar industry have shaped the world in which we live." -Gary Taubes, author of The Case Against Sugar For most of history, humans did without refined sugar. Then, suddenly, it was everywhere. How did sugar find its way into almost all the food we eat, fostering illness and ecological crisis along the way?¿ The World of Sugar begins with the earliest evidence of sugar production, tracing its origins in India around the sixth century BC and showing how its introduction to Europe in the Middle Ages spawned a brutal quest for supply. European cravings were satisfied by enslaved labor; two-thirds of the 12.5 million Africans taken across the Atlantic were destined for sugar plantations. By the twentieth century, sugar was a major source of calories in diets across Europe and North America.¿ Sugar transformed life on every continent, creating and destroying whole cultures through industrialization, labor migration, and changes in diet. Sugar made fortunes, corrupted governments, and shaped the policies of technocrats. And it provoked freedom cries that rang with world-changing consequences. In Ulbe Bosma's definitive telling, to understand sugar's past is to glimpse the origins of our own world of corn syrup and ethanol and begin to see the threat that a not-so-simple commodity poses to our bodies, our environment, and our communities.

How the Sweet Stuff Transformed Our Politics, Health, and Environment over 2,000 Years

The World of Sugar

Constitución de Baraguá

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