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Link A: The Iron Horse in Indian Country

The Iron Horse in Indian Country

Native Americans and Railroads in the US West

American Studies Now: Critical Histories of the Present

How policing has fundamentally shaped the Latinx experience.The history of Latinx groups in the United States has been marked, from the beginning, by experiences of criminalization and violence at the hands of law enforcement. Marisol LeBrón argues that policing has left an indelible mark on Latinx communities across the country and has come to shape our understanding of what it means to be Latinx. Spanning the nineteenth century to the present, Policed examines how policing became a key component in the formation of Latinx identity and political consciousness, and still lies at the heart of many pressing issues confronting Latinx communities today, including immigration, employment, health, and housing. More than simply telling a story of police brutality and harassment, LeBrón powerfully shows that Latinx people have continually resisted state violence and worked to build a more liberated future.

A Latinx History of State Violence

Policed: Volume 19

Rechtsgeschichte ist nicht nur ein Orchideenfach für einige wenige Interessierte. Es ist nach wie vor eines der zentralen Grundlagenfächer im juristischen Studium, und dies nicht ohne Grund: Die Rechtsgeschichte gehört in den Kanon jener Fächer, die Selbstvergewisserung und Perspektiven einer Disziplin eröffnen. Zu verstehen, woher Rechtsinstitute kommen, welchen ursprünglichen Anwendungsbereich sie hatten und was die Gründe für ihre Entwicklung waren, hilft bei einer kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit aktuellen Rechtsfragen. Historische Informiertheit kann zu einem tieferen und damit besseren Rechtsverständnis beitragen. Diesem Ziel widmet sich das neue NomosLehrbuch zur Rechtsgeschichte. 
Erörtert wird im Schwerpunkt die deutsche Rechtsgeschichte seit der Vormoderne. Das Lehrbuch nimmt dabei Rechtsentwicklungen insgesamt in den Blick. Vermieden werden anachronistische Rückprojektionen der heutigen Disziplinen Privatrecht, Strafrecht und Öffentliches Recht. Statt Vorgeschichten zu erzählen und Kontinuitäten zu betonen, wird den Lesern ein Gefühl für die Besonderheiten der modernen Rechtsordnungen in Abgrenzung zu älteren Rechtsformen vermittelt. Insbesondere verbindet das Lehrbuch die Rechtsgeschichte mit der Sozial- und Kulturgeschichte und beschreibt Rechtsgeschichte damit in ihrem kulturellen Kontext. Das Lehrbuch vermittelt damit die Fähigkeit zu einer eigenständigen Reflexion über die bestehende Rechtsordnung, indem es unterschiedliche Lösungsansätze für Rechtsprobleme unter verschiedenen sozialen und wirtschaftlichen Bedingungen aufzeigt.
Strukturprägend für das Lehrbuch sind Ereignisse, Institutionen und Thesen und weniger "große Männer" oder "große Werke". Sie werden eingebettet dargestellt in dem für eine Epoche als relevant erachteten thematischen Zusammenhang unter Verwendung möglichst neutraler Begriffe, um einen unvoreingenommenen Zugang zu ermöglichen, und um oft unreflektierte Assoziationen zu überlieferten historischen Deutungsmustern zu vermeiden.
Vertiefungsabschnitte am Ende zahlreicher Kapitel formulieren Forschungsfragen, die jeweils eine Vernetzung mit anderen Teilen des Werkes ermöglichen, sodass ein Verständnis für die größeren Zusammenhänge gefördert wird. Am Ende des Buches finden sich Wiederholungsfragen zur eigenständigen Repetition.

Rechtsgeschichte ist nicht nur ein Orchideenfach für einige wenige Interessierte. Es ist nach wie vor eines der zentralen Grundlagenfächer im juristischen Studium, und dies nicht ohne Grund: Die Rechtsgeschichte gehört in den Kanon jener Fächer, die Selbstvergewisserung und Perspektiven einer Disziplin eröffnen. Zu verstehen, woher Rechtsinstitute kommen, welchen ursprünglichen Anwendungsbereich sie hatten und was die Gründe für ihre Entwicklung waren, hilft bei einer kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit aktuellen Rechtsfragen. Historische Informiertheit kann zu einem tieferen und damit besseren Rechtsverständnis beitragen. Diesem Ziel widmet sich das neue NomosLehrbuch zur Rechtsgeschichte. 
Erörtert wird im Schwerpunkt die deutsche Rechtsgeschichte seit der Vormoderne. Das Lehrbuch nimmt dabei Rechtsentwicklungen insgesamt in den Blick. Vermieden werden anachronistische Rückprojektionen der heutigen Disziplinen Privatrecht, Strafrecht und Öffentliches Recht. Statt Vorgeschichten zu erzählen und Kontinuitäten zu betonen, wird den Lesern ein Gefühl für die Besonderheiten der modernen Rechtsordnungen in Abgrenzung zu älteren Rechtsformen vermittelt. Insbesondere verbindet das Lehrbuch die Rechtsgeschichte mit der Sozial- und Kulturgeschichte und beschreibt Rechtsgeschichte damit in ihrem kulturellen Kontext. Das Lehrbuch vermittelt damit die Fähigkeit zu einer eigenständigen Reflexion über die bestehende Rechtsordnung, indem es unterschiedliche Lösungsansätze für Rechtsprobleme unter verschiedenen sozialen und wirtschaftlichen Bedingungen aufzeigt.
Strukturprägend für das Lehrbuch sind Ereignisse, Institutionen und Thesen und weniger „große Männer“ oder „große Werke“. Sie werden eingebettet dargestellt in dem für eine Epoche als relevant erachteten thematischen Zusammenhang unter Verwendung möglichst neutraler Begriffe, um einen unvoreingenommenen Zugang zu ermöglichen, und um oft unreflektierte Assoziationen zu überlieferten historischen Deutungsmustern zu vermeiden.
Vertiefungsabschnitte am Ende zahlreicher Kapitel formulieren Forschungsfragen, die jeweils eine Vernetzung mit anderen Teilen des Werkes ermöglichen, sodass ein Verständnis für die größeren Zusammenhänge gefördert wird. Am Ende des Buches finden sich Wiederholungsfragen zur eigenständigen Repetition.

Seit der Vormoderne

Rechtsgeschichte

How Reasoning Shapes Legal Reality

Law as Philosophy

Studies in the History of Law and Justice

This book explores the comparability of conflict resolution mechanisms in East Asian and European traditional societies by focusing on Martin Dinges' concept of "Use of Justice," which is a working concept that focuses on the behavior of ordinary people in selecting and using various conflict resolution tools, not limited to courts. The study of early modern history in Europe has gained a new framework with this working concept, moving beyond the traditional framework of institutional history to focus on the actions of the parties to the conflict.The volume is divided into three parts. Parts I and II consist of individual studies based on archive researches. The authors, who are well versed in the various types of courts and regional records, use statistics and specific cases to show the actual images of the users of justice, their interaction with the authorities and the diverse ways in which justice was used by the people. Building on the empirical research of the first two parts, Part III develops various theoretical and methodological considerations of East-West comparability in analysing the research findings of Parts I and II. In this part (III) one can find reflections on whether or how comparability in "Use of Justice" research can be ensured, in which the inventor of the concept also participates.

A New Approach for an East-West Comparison

Use of Justice in Traditional Societies

Late medieval Bruges was a commercial hub that connected Hanseatic, English, Scottish, Portuguese, Spanish, Aragonese, and Italian traders. This book focuses on the conflict resolution of the aldermen and how merchants operated within this legal framework. The key question being whether Bruges was a city of justice. Although this was sometimes claimed by travellers, a lot of merchants confronted with the practicalities of conflict resolution in Bruges, disagreed. Fieremans analyses how customary law, institutional frameworks, and commerce intersected and were challenged by the aldermen's pursuit of justice. By clarifying the working of the aldermen, it advances our knowledge of the basic mechanisms of a late medieval law court and the evolution of the law courts of late medieval Flanders. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, the book focuses on the interplay between commerce and justice, explores the diverse merchant communities, and considers the potential lessons it offers for understanding both historical and modern markets. It sheds light on the pragmatic legal culture of Bruges and the legal mechanisms that partially regulate commerce.

Foreign Merchants in a City of Justice

Law, Leverage, and Litigation in Late Medieval Bruges

Bloomsbury Studies on Cuba

This book by Paolo Spadoni and José Luis Perelló Cabrera examines the history of tourism in Cuba and the expansion and struggles of international tourism in Cuba in the post-Cold War era. The Cuban Tourism Industry: Evolution, Challenges, and Prospects begins with a historical review of the development of tourism as an important industry in pre-1959 Cuba and the subsequent decline in the first fifteen years of the revolution before a modest recovery in the second half of the 1970s and during the 1980s. Spadoni and Cabrera continue with a thorough analysis of the remarkable expansion of international tourism in Cuba in the post-Cold War era and in the era of improved relations with the United States that officially began in 2014, along with an assessment of the sector's economic impact and its main challenges. A critical assessment of the damaging effects on the Cuban tourism sector of stiffened U.S. sanctions imposed by the Trump administration, and largely maintained by the Biden administration, is also provided. This book examines tourism trends in Cuba and the Caribbean in the post-pandemic era and sheds additional light on Cuba's recent tourism performance to underscore key flaws of the Cuban tourism industry and suggest potential adjustments.

Evolution, Challenges, and Prospects

The Cuban Tourism Industry

Ius Romanum

In Late Antiquity, private individuals could acquire land or other assets through acts of the emperor or the administration. These often originated from confiscations, e.g. of estates without heirs (
 bona vacantia
 , 
 caduca
 ), the property of convicted criminals (
 bona damnatorum
 ), or ownerless slaves (
 vaga mancipia
 ). Since the 
 fiscus
 was often unable to make economically effective use of these assets, and the emperor was under political pressure to reward influential individuals, they were frequently transferred - sometimes for payment, but often free of charge. In this context, a procedure developed whereby beneficiaries could petition for an imperial grant by means of a 
 petitio
 .
 

 By analysing Late Antique imperial constitutions, the study examines this procedure, as well as the private-law status of the recipients. The analysis shows that they generally acquired ownership - even where the assets had not belonged to the 
 fiscus
 . As Roman law in principle did not allow acquisition in good faith from a non-owner, this form of acquisition is best understood as one effected by sovereign act.
 

 At the same time, it becomes clear that Late Antique emperors established nuanced and carefully considered rules and sought to achieve a fair balance of interests. A decline in legal culture, as suggested by the theory of so-called Late Antique vulgar law, cannot be observed.

Rechtserwerb durch kaiserliche Eigentumszuweisung in der Spätantike

Liberalitas legibus et aequitate subnixa

Americans take it for granted that the states of the union make up an economic common market. But that is the case only because early in the nation's history the Supreme Court ruled that the Commerce Clause of the Constitution establishes a principle--sometimes called the "dormant Commerce Clause" principle--that blocks individual states from cutting off the free flow of cross-border trade. From the 1820s onward the Court has issued hundreds of rulings applying this doctrine to prevent the states from imposing tariff-like taxes, local processing requirements, and other restrictions on the free movement of goods and services across state lines. The result for the nation has been, as Justice Robert Jackson once observed, a "material success that . . . has been the most impressive in the history of commerce." After joining the Court in 1986 Justice Antonin Scalia challenged the dormant Commerce Clause principle as an illegitimate judicial innovation at odds with a proper "originalist" interpretation of the Constitution. This critique, moreover, quickly picked up steam as other prominent jurists and commentators--most notably, Justice Clarence Thomas--gave it their enthusiastic support. Is the originalist challenge to the dormant Commerce Clause rule well-founded? In The Common-Market Constitution, Coenen argues that the answer is no. Like Justice Scalia, Coenen focuses on discovering the original public meaning of the Commerce Clause. According to Coenen, however, the text and history of that clause compel a conclusion that is the direct opposite of the one that Justice Scalia reached. As Coenen demonstrates, a proper originalist assessment of the dormant Commerce Clause principle requires consideration of a sweeping body of text- and history-based evidence that ranges far beyond what critics of that principal rule have focused on in the past. A full and fair appraisal of that evidence, Coenen argues, leaves no doubt that the constitutional rule that the Court has long applied to safeguard the American common market does reflect the original public meaning of the Commerce Clause.

Text, History, and the "Dormant Commerce Clause" Rule

The Common-Market Constitution

The Law That Never Was

Informal Decision Making in the European Community Under the Luxembourg Compromise

A reframing of simplistic good-or-bad, black-or-white narratives about drugs.
What is a drug? The answer seems so obvious that the question is hardly worth asking. We can all agree that cocaine is a drug, or methamphetamine, or cannabis. But what about sugar? Caffeine? That heavy, sleepy feeling you get after eating a big portion of turkey at Thanksgiving? The extremes of experiences like sex and exercise or love and grief are created by the same consciousness-altering neurochemicals responsible for the highs and lows of a cocaine binge. What about your phone, or your toddler's iPad—can we be addicted to technology? Does using these devices make us "high"?
Drugs are slippery objects, difficult to define. Some make us feel good, others make us ill. Some take the form of pills, plants, or powders. Others, like the runner's high, require no physical substance at all. Much of what we think we know about drugs comes from a handful of well-used cultural narratives: drugs are either a public health menace, a social issue to be fixed, or an age-old criminal and legal problem. The rebels among us might even think of drugs as tools for creativity and artistic production. But despite the profound role drugs have played in human history and society, we rarely give any thought to what drugs actually are, and more importantly, what they do. 
Reframing "drugs" as a wide variety of human experiences within a spectrum of altered consciousness, On Drugs weaves together cultural history, science, politics, personal anecdotes, and current events to ask why our frameworks for understanding drugs are so limited and how expanding them can transform our society's response to substance use.

On Drugs

Ladies and gentlemen, step right up...On 23 March, 1844, General Tom Thumb, at 25 inches tall, entered the Picture Gallery at Buckingham Palace and bowed to Queen Victoria. On both sides of the Atlantic, this event marked a tipping point in the nineteenth century: the age of the 'Freak' was born.Bewitching all levels of society, the 'Freak Show' was a world of astonishing spectacle and entertainment. But the real stories and human dramas of the performing men, women and children have been marginalised in the histories of the very people who exploited them.In The Wonders, Dr John Woolf brings to life the history of the Freak show, and how it gave way to some of the great transformations of the age: the birth of showbusiness, celebrity, and 'alternative facts'. The book explores the virtues of the 'Freak' circuit, as well as the ongoing effects of power, fame, exploitation, and our fascination with otherness.Sometimes tragic, sometimes triumphant, and always extraordinary, The Wonders is the true story of the performers whose talents and disabilities helped define an era.

Lifting the Curtain on the Freak Show, the Circus and the Victorian Age

The Wonders

Kamal Shair's book is a classic rags to riches story: the village boy, who with determination and education, achieves business success, wealth, more wealth, and then influence and power. What makes it unusual is that it emanates from the Arab world. Rarely among Arabs have individuals from thoroughly modest backgrounds, with no access to links, networks or connections become truly global commercial players. Shair was born in a small town in what was then Transjordan and dragged himself through school (his mother was illiterate), moved to college in Beirut, then sailed off to America (Michigan and Yale) and returned to the Middle East to create a multinational corporate empire engaged in trade, construction and manufacturing. Dar al Handasah - Arabic for House of Engineers - was founded in a small flat in Beirut and today, spans the globe with offices in 37 countries. In its early years, Dar al Handasah fought off competition from established western consultancies to win contracts for prestige engineering throughout the Middle East. Eventually, its activities extended further to Europe, the United States, Africa and Asia. By not following the usual pattern of patronage and favours, Kamal Shair applied a fresh kind of ethic in an environment with a loosely-structured business ethic. In the process, he lived through and witnessed at first hand and at close quarters some of the most dramatic events of the modern Arab world. This is quite an extraordinary tale and a very original prism through which to read the turbulent post-World War II history of the Middle East. At the same time we see the growth, despite all the odds, of one of the world's great engineering and business enterprises in a narrative of epic and inspirational proportions.

The Emergence of an Arab Global Business

Out of the Middle East

The Iron Horse in Indian Country

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