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Privacy Litigation Handbook

Damages and Enforcement under the GDPR

This book is a comparative study of how courts and oversight bodies review lawmaking processes, exposing democratic deficits and advocating for transparent, participatory legislative reform across Europe. In an era of fast-track legislation and executive overreach, the democratic legitimacy of lawmaking is under increasing pressure. This timely and original volume offers the first comprehensive, comparative analysis of how judicial and non-judicial bodies monitor and assess legislative procedures across Europe and beyond. Drawing on examples from Hungary, France, and the United States, the book highlights troubling trends - such as the use of expedited processes, exclusion of opposition voices, and lack of public participation - that undermine democratic principles and good governance. Contributors examine how courts, parliamentary committees, and international organisations like the Venice Commission respond to these challenges, offering insights into their capacity to uphold constitutional standards and human rights protections. The book also explores the broader implications of defective lawmaking for the rule of law, separation of powers, and the achievement of global goals such as the UN's Sustainable Development Agenda. Featuring leading scholars and practitioners from across Europe, including underrepresented jurisdictions, the volume bridges theory and practice, offering a rich interdisciplinary perspective. It is essential reading for academics, legal professionals, policymakers, and civil society actors concerned with the integrity of democratic institutions and the future of legislative governance. By shedding light on the mechanisms of procedural review, this book makes a compelling case for more transparent, inclusive, and accountable lawmaking in democratic societies.

European Perspectives on the Procedural Review of Parliamentary Lawmaking

Foundations, Flaws, and Futures

Fundamental Rights for Non-Humans

Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart

The Data Act (DA) forms the central pillar of the new EU Data Law regime – framing data generation, access, use and transfer. The DA focuses in particular on data access for businesses, consumers and the public sector, on data contracts and on cloud switching.

Comprehensive commentary
The Specht/Hennemann offers an article-by-article commentary on the DA. It stands out for its systematic depth of explanation and practical relevance. The style of the commentary (including recitals printed next to the respective norms) facilitates the understanding of the complex regulatory structure of the DA. In a comprehensive introduction, overarching topics are presented, such as the underlying data policy decisions, current debates, developments at the national, the supranational, and the international levels, as well as an overall assessment and critique of the DA.

Main topics
Data access
Data contracts
Cloud switching
International data transfer
Public enforcement
Relationship to other legal acts, particularly the GDPR

Target groups
Everyone interested in the legal framework of the data economy, especially manufacturers and providers of IoT-products and related services, providers of data intermediation services and cloud services, data altruistic organizations; supervisory authorities, in-house lawyers, data protection officers, business and consumer associations, the judiciary, research institutions, and European and national institutions.

Outstanding Expertise
This work is edited by Prof. Dr. Louisa Specht-Riemenschneider, Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information, Chair of Civil Law, Data Economy Law, Data Protection, Digitalization, and Artificial Intelligence at the University of Bonn, and Prof. Dr. Moritz Hennemann, M.Jur. (Oxon.), Director, Institute of Media and Information Law, Chair of Civil Law with Information Law, Media Law, and Internet Law at the University of Freiburg.

The authors are distinguished experts in the field of data law:
PD Dr. Anna K. Bernzen, Berlin | Prof. Dr. Michael Denga, LL.M. (KCL), Maîtr. en Droit (Paris II), Business &amp; Law School, Berlin | Prof. Dr. Lothar Determann, Free University of Berlin; University of California, Berkeley School of Law | Prof. Dr. Moritz Hennemann, M.Jur. (Oxon.), University of Freiburg | Prof. Dr. Kai von Lewinski, University of Passau | Prof. Dr. Dimitrios Linardatos, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken | PD Dr. Andreas Sattler, LL.M. (Nottingham), University of Munich | Prof. Dr. Sebastian Schwamberger, LL.M., University of Graz | Prof. Dr. Ing. Christoph Sorge, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken | Prof. Dr. Louisa Specht-Riemenschneider, Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information, University of Bonn | Prof. Dr. Björn Steinrötter, University of Potsdam | Nils Torben Wiedemann, Ass. Iur., LL.M. (Dublin), University of Saarland, Saarbrücken

Article-by-Article Commentary

Data Act

EU-Datenschutz-Grundverordnung (EU-DSGVO) - Bundesdatenschutzgesetz (BDSG) - Telekommunikation-Telemedien- Datenschutz-Gesetz (TTDSG)

EU-DSGVO und BDSG. Kompaktkommentar

NomosStudium

Angesichts komplexer und von der eigenen Lebenserfahrung deutlich entfernter Problemkonstellationen, dem weitgehenden Fehlen leicht subsumierbarer normativer Grundlagen und den zusätzlichen Erfordernissen des (Verfassungs-)Prozessrechts stellen Klausuren aus dem Verfassungsrecht Studenten häufig vor besondere Probleme. Um so wichtiger ist es, die gemeinsamen Strukturen zu kennen, die dem Verfassungsrecht in seiner grundrechtlichen und seiner staatsorganisationsrechtlichen Gestalt eigen sind.

Dem dient das vorliegende Buch, das insoweit eine Lücke schließt: Es ersetzt nicht die klassischen Lehrbücher, sondern leistet Hilfestellung für den dort kaum behandelten Übergang vom abstrakten Wissen zur klausurrelevanten Anwendung. Zu diesem Zweck werden zunächst mit Blick auf die Zulässigkeits- wie Begründetheitsprüfung allgemeine Schemata herausgearbeitet und diese Grobstrukturierung der Klausur näher erläutert. Im Anschluss hieran erfolgen Hinweise zu spezielleren Aufbauproblemen und zum unentbehrlichen juristischen "Handwerkszeug": der gelungenen sprachlichen Gestaltung und Schwerpunktsetzung sowie der klaren Argumentation. Ein abschließender umfangreicher Abschnitt mit Beispielsklausuren bietet zudem hinreichend Anschauungsmaterial für die konkrete Umsetzung. Die so erzielte Vertrautheit mit typischen Klausurstrukturen ermöglicht es, auch neue, unbekannte Fallkonstellationen erfolgreich zu bewältigen.

Grundstrukturen | Prüfungsschemata | Formulierungsvorschläge

Klausurtraining Verfassungsrecht

Hart Studies in European Criminal Law

This book offers a comprehensive legal analysis of the urgent challenges posed by deepfakes, focusing on the restrictive measures proposed or introduced to address their related harms. Readers will gain a clear understanding of the harms associated with deepfakes - especially in areas like non-consensual sexualised content and political disinformation - and how criminal and digital regulatory systems are attempting to respond. From a criminal law perspective, the book offers a dual-level critique. On the one hand, criminal law is invoked for its expressive and symbolic function, particularly in response to the discriminatory and gender-based harms often associated with deepfakes, as well as the broader need to prevent systemic risks to democratic society when it comes to electoral manipulation and freedom of thought. Here, criminal law would play a vital role in affirming societal condemnation of such conduct and in acknowledging the serious impact on victims. On the other hand, its use is increasingly entangled with emerging frameworks of digital regulation, taking on a more instrumental role in defining illegal content and reinforcing standards shaped primarily by private platforms and regulatory bodies. This dual function raises fundamental questions about the legitimacy and efficacy of using criminal law-the most coercive form of state power-for purposes that extend beyond its traditional scope. Additionally, the book explores regulatory measures aimed at controlling deepfakes, considered both as AI-generated content and as harmful online material. Discussions around content moderation, transparency duties-such as labelling and watermarking-and safety by design measures are gaining attention globally, with the European Union's Digital Services Act and AI Act leading the way. The book's primary goal is to bridge the two worlds of criminal law and digital regulation through a careful and critical analysis, making it a valuable resource for a broad audience.

Harmful AI-generated Content between Criminal Law and Digital Regulation

Addressing Deepfakes

Studies in International Law

This book explores the human right to leave any country - including one's own - in international law, and its applicability to externalised migration control. It develops a framework for interpreting the right and demonstrates how various externalisation measures violate it, leading to the international responsibility of states and international organisations. Analysing the work of international and regional systems enshrining the right and examining global externalisation practices, it demonstrates the radical reform required by states and international organisations to comply with the right to leave. Implementing the author's recommendations would compel the dismantlement of many current externalisation strategies and a re-imagining of the global (im)mobility regime. This book offers compelling insights for lawyers in the fields of international law, human rights and refugee law, as well as migration policymakers, practitioners and officials.

Protecting the Right to Leave in an Era of Externalised Migration Control

Recht - schnell erfasst

Welche Rechte und Pflichten hat der einzelne Bürger, welche der Staat? Wie funktioniert unsere Gemeinschaft? Diese Grundfragen klärt das Buch und nimmt auf Auszüge des Grundgesetzes und des Bundesverfassungsgerichtsgesetzes Bezug. In jedem Band der Reihe "Recht - schnell erfasst" werden die wichtigsten Normen im Wortlaut vorgestellt, verständlich kommentiert und mit den - für die gelungene Fallbearbeitung - notwendigen Verweisungen versehen. Wer bei der Lösung von Problemstellungen schnell auf den Punkt kommen will, ohne sich mit juristischen Theorien auseinandersetzen zu müssen, findet in diesem Buch alles, was er dafür braucht.

Verfassungsrecht - Schnell erfasst

Handbuch Datenschutz und Mitbestimmung

Studien zum Regulierungsrecht

This study develops, from the perspective of European law, a concept for the systemic regulation of disinformation on online platforms aimed at safeguarding the integrity of the public opinion-formation process in the European Union. Against the backdrop of disinformation events between 2016 and 2025 and the changing conditions of platform-based communication, it examines - on the basis of the fundamental rights of the European Union, in particular the scope of protection of freedom of expression under Article 11(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights - how proportionate disinformation regulation can be designed within the framework of Articles 34 and 35 of the Digital Services Act and implemented, for instance, through a code of conduct pursuant to Article 45.
 

 The study combines a doctrinal legal analysis of freedom of expression with legal-philosophical and legal-sociological perspectives, drawing on emergence theory to explain how individual disinformative expressions transition from the discursive micro-level to the macro-level of public discourse. On this basis, it develops the concept of disinformation dynamics as an operational point of reference for systemic risks within the meaning of the Digital Services Act.
 

 The result is a proposal for a procedural regulatory architecture that, instead of relying on substantive assessments of truth, is based on a rebuttable presumption of disinformation and, where such suspicion is triggered, enables rights-compliant regulatory measures through a discursive reversal of the burden of proof. An interdisciplinary analysis of AI-based algorithmic detection methods - including knowledge-based, style-based, and dissemination-based approaches - demonstrates the technical feasibility of the concept and identifies the requirements for accuracy, fairness, and explainability in automated disinformation detection.
 

 The study thus contributes to the doctrinal development of European platform regulation and outlines ways to safeguard public opinion formation as a foundation of democracy in the digital sphere.

Rechtliche und technische Möglichkeiten zur Desinformationsbekämpfung auf Online-Plattformen am Maßstab des Art. 11 Abs. 1 GRCh

Systemische Desinformationsregulierung

This book offers an alternate trajectory for EU copyright law. Building on cultural norms in creative communities to reuse, recreate and share, the book proposes a more holistic approach to reconcile conflicting copyright interests. Drawing upon Niklas Luhmann's system theory, John Dewey's theory of art and feminist data theory, it advocates access to, and care within, creative communicative spaces, such as social media platforms or artificial intelligence (AI) data infrastructures, to safeguard creativity and cultural production online. Following a comprehensive assessment of current EU copyright law and related regulation, it proposes a rebuttable presumption of artistic communication to account for the nature of communication between authors, users and the public that safeguards creative reuse. The book isolates the question of remuneration, particularly in AI context, as one of collective socio-cultural value to address wider harms through a cultural commons existing on the border of the EU copyright system. Reflecting on traditional copyright concepts such as authorship, consent and remuneration alongside more novel legal structures like a right of collective informational self-determination, Reshaping EU Copyright Law to Support Creativity Online provides a foundation to reshape how the EU copyright system and its regulatory neighbours adequately respond to new forms of creativity, dissemination, and its use.

Offers an alternate trajectory for EU copyright law to adequately respond to new forms of creativity

Creative Reuse

Reshaping EU Copyright Law to Support Creativity Online

Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice

The contemporary significance of the subject “Social Rights, Inequalities and Affirmative Action” is indisputable. In periods of social polarization, conflict and crisis, it is imperative that the obligation of our societies to protect and promote social rights is addressed and acknowledged. It is also necessary to recognize the way in which social rights are jeopardized by inequalities that impede the cultivation of robust social relationships and to document instances of the implementation of affirmative actions in this scenario. The aims of this work are as follows: firstly, to establish general topics (part I); secondly, to undertake more specific investigations within the primary topic (part II); and thirdly, to address the challenges posed by the technological transition currently taking place in society, which has significant consequences for social rights, (in)equality, and affirmative action (part III). The study is organized into three sections corresponding to these targets. For the purposes of this study, the analysis will commence, in the Part I of this book, at the genesis of the debates, as outlined in the chapter concerning the old and the new forms of racism. This contribution is followed by a chapter on the growing recognition of intersectional discrimination in European and global human rights frameworks and by another on structural discrimination and the function of the law against unjust enrichment. To further explore and expand upon the subjects addressed in the preceding chapters, the final chapter of Part I of this book delves into the topic of affirmative action in the United States. The second part of this work is dedicated primarily to specific forms of affirmative action, thereby deepening the discussion initiated in the first part of this book. The initial topic examines the way in which the pandemic has impacted specific social groups and led to the emergence of health disparities in the UK. The subsequent chapter is devoted to an examination of the alterations in the benefits of minimum income support in Brazil in recent years. The fourth chapter undertakes a detailed investigation of a specific affirmative action program for children and adolescents with the objective of reducing violence in urban areas. The final chapter conducts an analysis of ageing, public policies and inclusion in Brazil. The third and final section is dedicated to an examination of the challenges faced by our technological societies. The field of “Social Rights, Inequalities and Affirmative Action” is set to be impacted by the regulation of artificial intelligence, the increasing digitalization of activities, and the development of new tools designed to enhance the efficiency of the social state. The initial chapter of the concluding section deals with the regulation of artificial intelligence in Brazil and the impacts of neurotechnology. The second study examines conservative digitalization and structural inequalities in Latin American information societies, while the final study focuses on the emergence of the social digital state and the use of instruments that produce inequality and discrimination.

The contemporary significance of the subject “Social Rights, Inequalities and Affirmative Action” is indisputable. In periods of social polarization, conflict and crisis, it is imperative that the obligation of our societies to protect and promote social rights is addressed and acknowledged. It is also necessary to recognize the way in which social rights are jeopardized by inequalities that impede the cultivation of robust social relationships and to document instances of the implementation of affirmative actions in this scenario. The aims of this work are as follows: firstly, to establish general topics (part I); secondly, to undertake more specific investigations within the primary topic (part II); and thirdly, to address the challenges posed by the technological transition currently taking place in society, which has significant consequences for social rights, (in)equality, and affirmative action (part III). The study is organized into three sections corresponding to these targets. For the purposes of this study, the analysis will commence, in the Part I of this book, at the genesis of the debates, as outlined in the chapter concerning the old and the new forms of racism. This contribution is followed by a chapter on the growing recognition of intersectional discrimination in European and global human rights frameworks and by another on structural discrimination and the function of the law against unjust enrichment. To further explore and expand upon the subjects addressed in the preceding chapters, the final chapter of Part I of this book delves into the topic of affirmative action in the United States. The second part of this work is dedicated primarily to specific forms of affirmative action, thereby deepening the discussion initiated in the first part of this book. The initial topic examines the way in which the pandemic has impacted specific social groups and led to the emergence of health disparities in the UK. The subsequent chapter is devoted to an examination of the alterations in the benefits of minimum income support in Brazil in recent years. The fourth chapter undertakes a detailed investigation of a specific affirmative action program for children and adolescents with the objective of reducing violence in urban areas. The final chapter conducts an analysis of ageing, public policies and inclusion in Brazil. The third and final section is dedicated to an examination of the challenges faced by our technological societies. The field of “Social Rights, Inequalities and Affirmative Action” is set to be impacted by the regulation of artificial intelligence, the increasing digitalization of activities, and the development of new tools designed to enhance the efficiency of the social state. The initial chapter of the concluding section deals with the regulation of artificial intelligence in Brazil and the impacts of neurotechnology. The second study examines conservative digitalization and structural inequalities in Latin American information societies, while the final study focuses on the emergence of the social digital state and the use of instruments that produce inequality and discrimination.

Social Rights, Inequalities and Affirmative Action

Privacy Litigation Handbook

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