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Philosophy Of Science

In this illuminating guide to the criteria of rational theorizing, Michael Shepanski identifies, defends and applies W. V. Quine's epistemic norms - the norms that best explain Quine's decisions to accept some theories and not others. Parts I and II set out the doctrines of this epistemology, demonstrating their potential for philosophical application. Part III is a case study in which Shepanski develops a theory of the propositional attitudes by the method of formalizing inferences to behaviour. He presents critiques of popular alternative views, including foundationalism, the centrality of knowledge and Quine's own epistemological naturalism. By reassessing Quine's normative epistemology, Shepanski advances our understanding of Quine's philosophy whilst providing a guide for our own theorizing.

In this illuminating guide to the criteria of rational theorizing, Michael Shepanski identifies, defends and applies W. V. Quine’s epistemic norms – the norms that best explain Quine’s decisions to accept some theories and not others.

Parts I and II set out the doctrines of this epistemology, demonstrating their potential for philosophical application. Part III is a case study in which Shepanski develops a theory of the propositional attitudes by the method of formalizing inferences to behaviour. He presents critiques of popular alternative views, including foundationalism, the centrality of knowledge and Quine’s own epistemological naturalism.

By reassessing Quine’s normative epistemology, Shepanski advances our understanding of Quine’s philosophy whilst providing a guide for our own theorizing.

Undogmatic Empiricism

Quine’s Epistemic Norms in Practice

This valuable and insightful study into chronic pain and its treatment advances a striking analysis of the complex phenomenon of chronic pain, also attesting to the importance of the medical humanities in addressing urgent questions that medical science alone cannot resolve.
 
The primary purpose of this book is twofold. First, to demonstrate empirically - against a conceptual background drawn from multiple disciplines and knowledge bases (historical, medical, neurobiological, psychological, socio/anthropological) - how an apparently 'soft' intervention such as literary reading can effectively combat symptoms of a condition as intractable as chronic pain. Second, to explore what this evidence tells us about pain (as a lived experience as well as a condition in urgent need of new treatment options) and about literature and the reading of fiction and poetry as therapeutic influences in contemporary health and healthcare, most particularly in alleviating the (often severe) mental health difficulties with which chronic pain is almost universally associated.
 
Based on unique empirical research with people who are living with chronic pain, this book is the first of its kind to demonstrate the value of literature and literary reading both as a discourse for understanding and 'finding' pain and as an intervention in its treatment.

This valuable and insightful study into chronic pain and its treatment advances a striking analysis of the complex phenomenon of chronic pain, also attesting to the importance of the medical humanities in addressing urgent questions that medical science alone cannot resolve. The primary purpose of this book is twofold. First, to demonstrate empirically – against a conceptual background drawn from multiple disciplines and knowledge bases (historical, medical, neurobiological, psychological, socio/anthropological) – how an apparently ‘soft’ intervention such as literary reading can effectively combat symptoms of a condition as intractable as chronic pain. Second, to explore what this evidence tells us about pain (as a lived experience as well as a condition in urgent need of new treatment options) and about literature and the reading of fiction and poetry as therapeutic influences in contemporary health and healthcare, most particularly in alleviating the (often severe) mental health difficulties with which chronic pain is almost universally associated. Based on unique empirical research with people who are living with chronic pain, this book is the first of its kind to demonstrate the value of literature and literary reading both as a discourse for understanding and 'finding' pain and as an intervention in its treatment.

Reading Literature and Chronic Pain

Ideas in Context

Ranging from the early Royal Society of London in the seventeenth century to the uptake of experimental philosophy in Paris and Berlin in the eighteenth, this book is the first integrated history of early modern experimental philosophy, one of the most significant developments of the period.

The emergence of experimental philosophy was one of the most significant developments in the early modern period. However, it is often overlooked in modern scholarship, despite being associated with leading figures such as Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, Isaac Newton, Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, David Hume and Christian Wolff. Ranging from the early Royal Society of London in the seventeenth century to the uptake of experimental philosophy in Paris and Berlin in the eighteenth, this book provides new terms of reference for understanding early modern philosophy and science, and its eventual eclipse in the shadow of post-Kantian notions of empiricism and rationalism. Experimental Philosophy and the Origins of Empiricism is an integrated history of early modern experimental philosophy which challenges the rationalism and empiricism historiography that has dominated Anglophone history of philosophy for more than a century.

Experimental Philosophy and the Origins of Empiricism

How the purposive behavior of living systems outstrips the constraints of the free energy principle. Since 2005, Karl Friston’s proposal that the principle of free energy minimization underpins the purposive behavior of living agents has evolved through thousands of publications. This principle’s central move is to formalize the drive for self-preservation in terms of a single probabilistic imperative: to survive, a living system must consistently exhibit the same “most likely” pattern of activity over time. Despite the simplicity of this central claim, the free energy principle’s complexity and rate of development have previously made it difficult to identify and evaluate. In A Drive to Survive, Kathryn Nave offers an extended critical analysis of the strengths and limitations of Friston’s proposal. Nave shows that the free energy principle’s capacity to account for the biological origins of purposiveness is undermined by its applicability to any stable inanimate system. As this triviality has become apparent, so advocates have begun to reframe the free energy principle as a means to eliminate, rather than explain, the notion of distinctively biological purposiveness. This, Nave proposes, gets things the wrong way around. The triviality of free energy minimization does not prove that there is no difference in kind between living agents and ordinary machines, but rather it reflects that the framework cannot capture the intrinsic instability and unpredictability that distinguish the former.

The Free Energy Principle and the Meaning of Life

A Drive to Survive

In this exceptionally clear and engaging introduction to the philosophy of science, James Ladyman explores the philosophical questions that arise when we reflect on the nature of the scientific method and the knowledge it produces. He discusses whether fundamental philosophical questions about knowledge and reality might be answered by science, and considers in detail the debate between realists and antirealists about the extent of scientific knowledge. The style remains unassuming, bringing to life the essential questions in the philosophy of science. Ideal for any student of philosophy or science, the book requires no previous knowledge of either discipline. It contains suggestions for further reading and cross-references with an extensive bibliography, making this the ideal textbook for students coming to the subject for the first time. The second edition includes the following key features: new chapter 'Confirmation and Evidence' which will include Nicod's criterion and Hempel's symmetry thesis and Bayesianism new content added to the 'Revolutions and Rationality' chapter, including Post-Kuhnian views of the scientific method more content on social factors in science and recent views of science.

In this exceptionally clear and engaging introduction to the philosophy of science, James Ladyman explores the philosophical questions that arise when we reflect on the nature of the scientific method and the knowledge it produces. He discusses whether fundamental philosophical questions about knowledge and reality might be answered by science, and considers in detail the debate between realists and antirealists about the extent of scientific knowledge. The style remains unassuming, bringing to life the essential questions in the philosophy of science. Ideal for any student of philosophy or science, the book requires no previous knowledge of either discipline. It contains suggestions for further reading and cross-references with an extensive bibliography, making this the ideal textbook for students coming to the subject for the first time.The second edition includes the following key features:<ul> <li>new chapter ‘Confirmation and Evidence’ which will include Nicod’s criterion and Hempel’s symmetry thesis and Bayesianism</li> <li>new content added to the ‘Revolutions and Rationality’ chapter, including Post-Kuhnian views of the scientific method </li> <li>more content on social factors in science and recent views of science.</li> </ul>

Understanding Philosophy of Science

A brilliantly original exploration of humanity's intimate relationship with technology, from the emergence of our species to the emergence of AI and beyond.

A brilliantly original exploration of humanity’s intimate relationship with technology, from the emergence of our species to the emergence of AI and beyond.

How Technology Has Made Us What We Are

Wise Animals

Cambridge Studies on Governing Knowledge Commons

This volume explores how people experience, produce, and manage misinformation in their everyday lives. Synthesizing three scholarly traditions - everyday life, misinformation, and governing knowledge commons - it presents ten case studies of online and offline communities tackling diverse dilemmas regarding truth and information quality.

Governing Misinformation in Everyday Knowledge Commons delves into the complex issue of misinformation in our daily lives. The book synthesizes three scholarly traditions - everyday life, misinformation, and governing knowledge commons - to present 10 case studies of online and offline communities tackling diverse dilemmas regarding truth and information quality. The book highlights how communities manage issues of credibility, trust, and information quality continuously, to mitigate the impact of misinformation when possible. It also explores how social norms and intentional governance evolve to distinguish between problematic disinformation and little white lies. Through a coproduction of governance and (mis-)information, the book raises a set of ethical, economic, political, social, and technological questions that require systematic study and careful deliberation. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Governing Misinformation in Everyday Knowledge Commons

Science and technology produce a wide range of benefits in society but they also create harm, both of which are unequally distributed across social groups and geographic regions. This incisive book provides a set of analytical tools to understand how inequality relating to science and technology is produced, and how the field can be reorganized to make good on its promise to improve life for all. &nbsp; Using a range of evidence and examples, Frickel and Moore show that science and technology are closely bound up with social inequalities, including linked problems of poor health, environmental degradation, racism, and sexism. They use the frame of "scientific inequality formations" to investigate the technoscientific sources of unequal power relations in society, examining issues such as the underdevelopment of non-profitable technologies, how laws and markets direct scientific advances, and the exclusion of certain social groups from the creation of knowledge and solutions relevant to their lives. This timely book illuminates interventions that redirect science and technology toward more equitable ends with the potential to be more widely distributed, charting a path to a more just future.

A Political Sociology

Science and Inequality

Why are people inclined to believe misinformation? This wide-ranging and comprehensive book shines a light on how false beliefs take root and spread, exploring the cognitive, emotional, and social factors that make us susceptible.

Where Misinformation Starts, How It Spreads, and What to Do About It

Misguided

Christian Wolff (1679-1754) war ohne Zweifel der historisch bedeutendste und sowohl national wie international - bis in die seinerzeit gerade erst entstehenden Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika - einflussreichste Philosoph der deutschen Aufklärung, ja vielleicht der Aufklärung überhaupt. Seine konsequent durchgeführte, auf der mathematischen Methode samt (soweit nur möglich) empirischer Bestätigung der Resultate beruhende Systematik umfasst alle akademischen Wissensgebiete und Disziplinen, inklusive von Mathematik und Theologie, und berücksichtigt ebenso ihre praktische bzw. technische Anwendung.<div>Wolffs einheitliches und durchaus enzyklopädisch angelegtes System des Wissens basiert auf klar und deutlich erkannten, d. h. vollständig analysierten und beweisbaren, Prinzipien in Logik, Metaphysik und Moral. Aus ihnen werden deduktiv durch gültige Schlüsse alle wahren Sätze abgeleitet, und zwar sowohl die notwendigen als auch die kontingenten. Da letztere allerdings widerspruchsfrei verneint werden können, macht ihr Beweis darüberhinaus auch eine empirische Bestätigung nötig. Schon deswegen bemüht sich Wolff um die Integration aller seinerzeit vorliegenden naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse (Newton) und ihrer technischen Anwendungen. Was derart für die theoretische Philosophie von der Ontologie über Kosmologie (Physik) und Psychologie bis zur Theologie gilt, gilt ebenso für die praktische Philosophie: Aus unabänderlichen moralischen Prinzipien, die auch für Gott selbst gelten und die auch Er nicht hätte anders machten können, entwickelt Wolff auf der irdischen Basis der Goldenen Regel seine Ethik aus dem Begriff des Glücks, während er sein - erstaunlich liberales - System des (Natur)Rechts unter Gebrauch desselben Prinzips auf die Begriffe von Eigentum und subjektiven Rechten gründet. Dieser universalistische Anspruch Wolffs bei gleichzeitiger Säkularität seines Systems alles möglichen Wissens führen neben allerhand philosophischen Einwänden, wie sie v.a. A.G. Baumgarten und Kant artikulieren, zu heftigen Auseinandersetzungen mit der Kirche im allgemeinen und dem Pietismus im besonderen, die zwar unterdrückt, jedoch nie aufgelöst werden konnten.</div><div>Trotz Wolffs überragender Bedeutung und trotz der Tatsache, dass sein kaum überschaubares Riesenwerk eine solche besonders wünschenswert macht, liegt bislang keine kurze und einem breiten Publikum von Studierenden, Fachleuten und philosophisch, historisch bzw. kulturell interessierten Lesern allgemein zugängliche, auf ca. 150 Seiten angelegte Einführung in seine Philosophie vor. Sie könnte innerhalb eines Jahres ab Beginn der Arbeit hergestellt werden.</div><div>
</div>

Christian Wolff (1679-1754) war ohne Zweifel der historisch bedeutendste und sowohl national wie international – bis in die seinerzeit gerade erst entstehenden Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika – einflussreichste Philosoph der deutschen Aufklärung, ja vielleicht der Aufklärung überhaupt. Seine konsequent durchgeführte, auf der mathematischen Methode samt (soweit nur möglich) empirischer Bestätigung der Resultate beruhende Systematik umfasst alle akademischen Wissensgebiete und Disziplinen, inklusive von Mathematik und Theologie, und berücksichtigt ebenso ihre praktische bzw. technische Anwendung.Wolffs einheitliches und durchaus enzyklopädisch angelegtes System des Wissens basiert auf klar und deutlich erkannten, d. h. vollständig analysierten und beweisbaren, Prinzipien in Logik, Metaphysik und Moral. Aus ihnen werden deduktiv durch gültige Schlüsse alle wahren Sätze abgeleitet, und zwar sowohl die notwendigen als auch die kontingenten. Da letztere allerdings widerspruchsfrei verneint werden können, macht ihr Beweis darüberhinaus auch eine empirische Bestätigung nötig. Schon deswegen bemüht sich Wolff um die Integration aller seinerzeit vorliegenden naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse (Newton) und ihrer technischen Anwendungen. Was derart für die theoretische Philosophie von der Ontologie über Kosmologie (Physik) und Psychologie bis zur Theologie gilt, gilt ebenso für die praktische Philosophie: Aus unabänderlichen moralischen Prinzipien, die auch für Gott selbst gelten und die auch Er nicht hätte anders machten können, entwickelt Wolff auf der irdischen Basis der Goldenen Regel seine Ethik aus dem Begriff des Glücks, während er sein – erstaunlich liberales – System des (Natur)Rechts unter Gebrauch desselben Prinzips auf die Begriffe von Eigentum und subjektiven Rechten gründet. Dieser universalistische Anspruch Wolffs bei gleichzeitiger Säkularität seines Systems alles möglichen Wissens führen neben allerhand philosophischen Einwänden, wie sie v.a. A.G. Baumgarten und Kant artikulieren, zu heftigen Auseinandersetzungen mit der Kirche im allgemeinen und dem Pietismus im besonderen, die zwar unterdrückt, jedoch nie aufgelöst werden konnten.Trotz Wolffs überragender Bedeutung und trotz der Tatsache, dass sein kaum überschaubares Riesenwerk eine solche besonders wünschenswert macht, liegt bislang keine kurze und einem breiten Publikum von Studierenden, Fachleuten und philosophisch, historisch bzw. kulturell interessierten Lesern allgemein zugängliche, auf ca. 150 Seiten angelegte Einführung in seine Philosophie vor. Sie könnte innerhalb eines Jahres ab Beginn der Arbeit hergestellt werden.

Eine Einführung

Christian Wolff

Taking the Body Apart and Putting it Back Together Again

Galen on Human Physiology

Routledge Studies in Eighteenth-Century Philosophy

This book provides the first comprehensive discussion regarding the role that Kant ascribes to systematicity in the sciences. It considers not only what Kant has to say on systematicity in general, but also how the systematicity requirement for science is specified in different fields of knowledge.

Kant and the Systematicity of the Sciences

Philosophy Of Science

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