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Philosophy Of Science

This is the first book to provide a sustained exploration of the philosophy of mistakes. Beginning with the distinction between mistakes and malfunction Kim Frost examines the idea that mistakes are a form of irrationality; whether there can be mistakes of sensation and emotion; the idea of mistakes as imperfect exercises of fallible powers; the seemingly paradoxical theory that mistakes seem accidental yet also explicable; and mistakes in the context of non-human animals, such as the Sphex wasp, human experience and taking responsibility for mistakes.

Mistakes are an inevitable part of human experience. We jump to conclusions, confuse one thing with another and can simply get things wrong. We make such mistakes, and in that sense we are distinctively responsible for them. In this respect, we are quite different from most other things in the natural world. This is the first book to provide a sustained exploration of the philosophy of mistakes. Beginning with the distinction between mistakes and malfunction Kim Frost examines the idea that mistakes are a form of irrationality; whether there can be mistakes of sensation and emotion; the idea of mistakes as imperfect exercises of fallible powers; the seemingly paradoxical theory that mistakes seem accidental yet also explicable; and mistakes in the context of non-human animals, such as the Sphex wasp, human experience and taking responsibility for mistakes.

A Philosophical Inquiry

Mistakes

Elements in the Philosophy of Physics

In this Element, the author offers a comprehensive interpretation of general relativity, describing its potential reality, internal structure, and differences from previous theories. The aim is to shape research agendas for physics philosophers, graduate students, and academics. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

In this Element, the author offers a comprehensive interpretation of general relativity, describing its potential reality, internal structure, and differences from previous theories. The aim is to shape research agendas for physics philosophers, graduate students, and academics. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Foundations of General Relativity

Elements in the Philosophy of Mathematics

A proof of a theorem can be said to be pure if it draws only on what is 'close' or 'intrinsic' to that theorem. In this Element we will investigate the apparent preference for pure proofs that has persisted in mathematics since antiquity, alongside a competing preference for impurity. In Section 1, we present two examples of purity, from geometry and number theory. In Section 2, we give a brief history of purity in mathematics. In Section 3, we discuss several different types of purity, based on different measures of distance between theorem and proof. In Section 4 we discuss reasons for preferring pure proofs, for the varieties of purity constraints presented in Section 3. In Section 5 we conclude by reflecting briefly on purity as a preference for the local and how issues of translation intersect with the considerations we have raised throughout this work.

This Element explores the preference for pure proofs in mathematics since antiquity, focusing on geometry and number theory. It discusses different types of purity, reasons for preferring pure proofs, and the importance of local purity. It also touches on translation issues and the relationship between purity and local considerations.

Elements of Purity

The Routledge Philosophers

This outstanding introduction to Cavendish's philosophy explores the full span of her work. Including a chronology, glossary, and suggestions for further reading, Cavendish is an ideal starting point for anyone coming to Cavendish's philosophy for the first time.

Original, ingenuous, and heterodox the philosopher Margaret Cavendish (1661-1717) is one of the most important writers and thinkers of the seventeenth century. Almost entirely self-taught, as well as engaging deeply with the philosophical currents of her time she wrote on a rich array of topics including gender, science and manners. Her utopian novel, The Blazing World, is one of the earliest works of science fiction.In this outstanding introduction to Cavendish's philosophy Alison Peterman explores the full span of Cavendish's work. She begins by examining Cavendish's metaphysics, in particular her view that matter is divisible, sensitive and rational and that the only kind of change is motion, contrasting Cavendish's approach with that of other 'mechanical' philosophers Descartes, Hobbes, Boyle and Gassendi. Peterman then assesses Cavendish’s arguments concerning order and causation in nature, particularly her view that order can only be explained if nature is whole and that matter has ‘sense’ and ‘reason’, before turning to her theory of the human mind and perception, knowledge and scientific method. Finally, she explains and assesses Cavendish’s ethics and politics, returning to her distinction between the natural and artificial and how her moral and political views are evident in her poetry, fiction, plays and other literary writings.Including a chronology, glossary of key terms, and suggestions for further reading at the end of each chapter, Cavendish is an ideal starting point for anyone coming to Cavendish’s philosophy for the first time. It will also be of great interest to those studying seventeenth century philosophy, metaphysics, the history and philosophy of science, and women philosophers in early modern philosophy.

Cavendish

The Routledge Guides to the Great Books

An engaging introduction to one of the most significant works of philosophy. Written for readers approaching Hume's work for the first time, it is essential reading for undergraduate students studying the history of modern philosophy, and all those who wish to engage more deeply with this classic work.

An engaging introduction to one of the most significant works of philosophy. Written for readers approaching Hume’s work for the first time, it is essential reading for undergraduate students studying the history of modern philosophy, and all those who wish to engage more deeply with this classic work.

The Routledge Guidebook to Hume’s A Treatise of Human Nature

Rules to Infinity defends the thesis that mathematics contributes to the explanatory power of science by expressing conceptual rules that allow for the transformation of empirical descriptions. It claims that mathematics should not be thought of as describing, in any substantive sense, an abstract realm of eternal mathematical objects, as traditional Platonists have thought.

This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read on the Oxford Academic platform and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. 

One of the central aims of science is to provide explanations of natural phenomena. What role does mathematics play in achieving this aim? How does mathematics contribute to the explanatory power of science? Rules to Infinity defends the thesis that mathematics contributes to the explanatory power of science by expressing conceptual rules that allow for the transformation of empirical descriptions. It claims that mathematics should not be thought of as describing, in any substantive sense, an abstract realm of eternal mathematical objects, as traditional Platonists have thought. 

This view, which Mark Povich calls "mathematical normativism," is updated with contemporary philosophical tools, which are used to form the argument that normativism is compatible with mainstream semantic theory. This allows the normativist to accept that there are mathematical truths, while resisting the Platonistic idea that there exist abstract mathematical objects that explain such truths. There is a distinction between scientific explanations that are in some sense distinctively mathematical--those that explain natural phenomena in some uniquely mathematical way--and those that are only standardly mathematical, and Povich defends a particular account of this distinction. 

Rules to Infinity compares normativism to other prominent views in the philosophy of mathematics, such as neo-Fregeanism, fictionalism, conventionalism, and structuralism, and offers an entry point into debates at the forefront of philosophy of science and mathematics as it defends its novel positions.

The Normative Role of Mathematics in Scientific Explanation

Rules to Infinity

'A dopamine hit on every page' Marcus du Sautoy A sweeping intellectual history of games and their importance to human progress. We play games to learn about the world, to understand our minds and the minds of others, and to practice making predictions about the future. Games are thought to be older than written language, and have now become the dominant cultural media-bigger than movies, TV, music, and literature combined. They are also fun. But as neuroscientist and physicist Kelly Clancy argues, it's time we started taking them more seriously. In Playing With Reality, she chronicles the riveting and hidden history of games since the Enlightenment, weaving an unexpected path through military theory, biology, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and the future of democracy. Games, Clancy shows us, have been deeply intertwined with the arc of history. War games shaped the outcomes of real wars in nineteenth and twentieth century Europe. Game theory warped our understanding of human behaviour and brought us to the brink of annihilation-yet still underlies basic assumptions in economics, politics, and technology. We used games to teach computers how to learn for themselves, and now we are designing games that will determine the shape of society and future of democracy. Games also inform the basic systems that govern our daily lives: the social media and technology that can warp our preferences, polarise us, and manufacture our desires. Lucid, thought-provoking, and masterfully told, Playing With Reality makes the bold argument that the human fascination with games is the key to understanding our nature.

How Games Shape Our World

Playing with Reality

This Element provides a framework for studying mathematical notations, aimed at researchers and students in philosophy, history, cognitive science, and mathematics education. It discusses the characteristics of mathematical notations, their language, cognitive resources, tasks, material basis, and historical context.

This Element provides a framework for studying mathematical notations, aimed at researchers and students in philosophy, history, cognitive science, and mathematics education. It discusses the characteristics of mathematical notations, their language, cognitive resources, tasks, material basis, and historical context.

Mathematical Notations

This comprehensive and accessible account of Otto Neurath's time in British exile during World War II provides a detailed consideration and a new understanding of Neurath's work in fields as diverse as filmmaking, philosophy and economics, and chronicles his enthusiastic adaptation to British life.

Otto Neurath (1882–1945) was an Austrian-born philosopher of science, sociologist and political economist, and one of the most multi-faceted and creative thinkers in the Vienna Circle. Forced into exile by fascism, he was part of the intellectual exodus from Central Europe. After an adventurous escape to England and internment as an 'enemy alien', he enthusiastically adapted to British culture, working on documentary films and publications for the war effort using the Isotype method of visualization. He treasured the British habit of 'muddling through', and debated planning and economics with fellow Central European émigrés, Friedrich Hayek, Karl Mannheim and Karl Popper. Based on new archival research, this book explores a little-known period of Neurath's rich and fascinating life, weaving together biographical, historical, and philosophical strands that reflect the cross-cultural currents of twentieth-century intellectual history through the lens of Neurath's contribution.

Otto Neurath in Britain

How Models and Probability Help Us Make Sense of the Cosmos

The Random Universe

Progress Unchained reinterprets the history of the idea of progress using parallels between evolutionary biology and changing views of human history. Early concepts of progress in both areas saw it as the ascent of a linear scale of development toward a final goal. The 'chain of being' defined a hierarchy of living things with humans at the head, while social thinkers interpreted history as a development toward a final paradise or utopia. Darwinism reconfigured biological progress as a 'tree of life' with multiple lines of advance not necessarily leading to humans, each driven by the rare innovations that generate entirely new functions. Popular writers such as H. G. Wells used a similar model to depict human progress, with competing technological innovations producing ever-more rapid changes in society. Bowler shows that as the idea of progress has become open-ended and unpredictable, a variety of alternative futures have been imagined.

Ideas of Evolution, Human History and the Future

Progress Unchained

This book explores the practice of Nature-Based Solutions in the cities of the Global South. The presented case studies support resilient planning in the Global South and inform urban debates in the Global North. This book offers pragmatic policy and planning recommendations and actionable strategies for sustainable development.

This book explores the practice of Nature-Based Solutions in the cities of the Global South. The presented case studies support resilient planning in the Global South and inform urban debates in the Global North. This book offers pragmatic policy and planning recommendations and actionable strategies for sustainable development.

Nature-Based Solutions in Cities of the Global South

Philosophy Of Science

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