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Philosophy Of Science

Elements in the Philosophy of Biology

The philosophical and theoretical approach discussed in this Element explains the properties of biological systems by appealing to their organization. It addresses classic and modern issues in the philosophy of biology, revises the conceptual foundations, and offers an updated version. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

The philosophical and theoretical approach discussed in this Element explains the properties of biological systems by appealing to their organization. It addresses classic and modern issues in the philosophy of biology, revises the conceptual foundations, and offers an updated version. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Biological Organization

From the award-winning author of Revolutionizing the Sciences, a monumental historical account of how of we came to see the world through the lens of science Science is the basis of our assumptions about ourselves and our world, from ideas about our evolutionary past to our conceptions of the vast expanses of space and the smallest particles of matter. In this panoramic book, acclaimed historian of science Peter Dear uncovers the roots of such beliefs, revealing how they constitute a natural philosophy that has been developed and refined over the course of centuries—and how the world as we have come to know it was by no means inevitable. In a sweeping, multifaceted narrative, Dear describes some of the most breathtaking accomplishments in the advance of human knowledge, such as Isaac Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation, Carl Linnaeus’s taxonomy, Antoine Lavoisier’s new chemistry, Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, and Albert Einstein’s theories of relativity. Challenging the notion that science is only about “making discoveries,” he shows how our world has been formed by people, institutions, and cultural assumptions, giving rise to disciplines ranging from biology and astrophysics to electromagnetism and the social sciences. Taking readers from the early eighteenth century to today, The World as We Know It reveals how our ideas about our place in the universe were bequeathed to us by individuals, cultures, and a curiosity that knows no bounds.

From Natural Philosophy to Modern Science

The World as We Know It

Key Concepts

In this fascinating book, Massimiano Bucchi provides a much needed introduction to a rapidly growing subject area. This text brings theory alive and will be essential reading for all students of the sociology of science.

In this fascinating book, Massimiano Bucchi provides a much needed introduction to a rapidly growing subject area. This text brings theory alive and will be essential reading for all students of the sociology of science.

The Key Concepts

Science In Society

In this exceptionally clear and engaging introduction to the philosophy of science, James Ladyman explores the philosophical questions that arise when we reflect on the nature of the scientific method and the knowledge it produces. He discusses whether fundamental philosophical questions about knowledge and reality might be answered by science, and considers in detail the debate between realists and antirealists about the extent of scientific knowledge. The style remains unassuming, bringing to life the essential questions in the philosophy of science. Ideal for any student of philosophy or science, the book requires no previous knowledge of either discipline. It contains suggestions for further reading and cross-references with an extensive bibliography, making this the ideal textbook for students coming to the subject for the first time. The second edition includes the following key features: new chapter 'Confirmation and Evidence' which will include Nicod's criterion and Hempel's symmetry thesis and Bayesianism new content added to the 'Revolutions and Rationality' chapter, including Post-Kuhnian views of the scientific method more content on social factors in science and recent views of science.

In this exceptionally clear and engaging introduction to the philosophy of science, James Ladyman explores the philosophical questions that arise when we reflect on the nature of the scientific method and the knowledge it produces. He discusses whether fundamental philosophical questions about knowledge and reality might be answered by science, and considers in detail the debate between realists and antirealists about the extent of scientific knowledge. The style remains unassuming, bringing to life the essential questions in the philosophy of science. Ideal for any student of philosophy or science, the book requires no previous knowledge of either discipline. It contains suggestions for further reading and cross-references with an extensive bibliography, making this the ideal textbook for students coming to the subject for the first time.The second edition includes the following key features:<ul> <li>new chapter ‘Confirmation and Evidence’ which will include Nicod’s criterion and Hempel’s symmetry thesis and Bayesianism</li> <li>new content added to the ‘Revolutions and Rationality’ chapter, including Post-Kuhnian views of the scientific method </li> <li>more content on social factors in science and recent views of science.</li> </ul>

Understanding Philosophy of Science

Elements in the Philosophy of Mathematics

A proof of a theorem can be said to be pure if it draws only on what is 'close' or 'intrinsic' to that theorem. In this Element we will investigate the apparent preference for pure proofs that has persisted in mathematics since antiquity, alongside a competing preference for impurity. In Section 1, we present two examples of purity, from geometry and number theory. In Section 2, we give a brief history of purity in mathematics. In Section 3, we discuss several different types of purity, based on different measures of distance between theorem and proof. In Section 4 we discuss reasons for preferring pure proofs, for the varieties of purity constraints presented in Section 3. In Section 5 we conclude by reflecting briefly on purity as a preference for the local and how issues of translation intersect with the considerations we have raised throughout this work.

This Element explores the preference for pure proofs in mathematics since antiquity, focusing on geometry and number theory. It discusses different types of purity, reasons for preferring pure proofs, and the importance of local purity. It also touches on translation issues and the relationship between purity and local considerations.

Elements of Purity

New Problems of Philosophy

This thorough and clearly written introduction to scientific explanation is an excellent resource for students of philosophy of science, metaphysics and philosophy of psychology.

This thorough and clearly written introduction to scientific explanation is an excellent resource for students of philosophy of science, metaphysics and philosophy of psychology.

Explanation and Understanding

Drawing on extensive research with over a hundred leading thinkers in the UK, The Landscapes of Science and Religion takes the much-needed step of asking what science and religion actually are, before turning to the familiar question of how they relate to one another.

Drawing on extensive research with over a hundred leading thinkers in the UK, The Landscapes of Science and Religion takes the much-needed step of asking what science and religion actually are, before turning to the familiar question of how they relate to one another.

What Are We Disagreeing About?

The Landscapes of Science and Religion

This is the first book to provide a sustained exploration of the philosophy of mistakes. Beginning with the distinction between mistakes and malfunction Kim Frost examines the idea that mistakes are a form of irrationality; whether there can be mistakes of sensation and emotion; the idea of mistakes as imperfect exercises of fallible powers; the seemingly paradoxical theory that mistakes seem accidental yet also explicable; and mistakes in the context of non-human animals, such as the Sphex wasp, human experience and taking responsibility for mistakes.

Mistakes are an inevitable part of human experience. We jump to conclusions, confuse one thing with another and can simply get things wrong. We make such mistakes, and in that sense we are distinctively responsible for them. In this respect, we are quite different from most other things in the natural world. This is the first book to provide a sustained exploration of the philosophy of mistakes. Beginning with the distinction between mistakes and malfunction Kim Frost examines the idea that mistakes are a form of irrationality; whether there can be mistakes of sensation and emotion; the idea of mistakes as imperfect exercises of fallible powers; the seemingly paradoxical theory that mistakes seem accidental yet also explicable; and mistakes in the context of non-human animals, such as the Sphex wasp, human experience and taking responsibility for mistakes.

A Philosophical Inquiry

Mistakes

This Element provides a framework for studying mathematical notations, aimed at researchers and students in philosophy, history, cognitive science, and mathematics education. It discusses the characteristics of mathematical notations, their language, cognitive resources, tasks, material basis, and historical context.

This Element provides a framework for studying mathematical notations, aimed at researchers and students in philosophy, history, cognitive science, and mathematics education. It discusses the characteristics of mathematical notations, their language, cognitive resources, tasks, material basis, and historical context.

Mathematical Notations

The first annotated edition of the book that shocked the Victorian world and continues to generate controversy todayWhen Charles Darwin's The Descent of Man was published in 1871, the book was an immediate sensation. It presents Darwin's account of how we evolved from primates and expounds his theory of sexual selection, which he believed accounted for human origins and diversity. James Costa and Elizabeth Yale bring Darwin's Descent to new life in this authoritative annotated edition, shedding light on the cultural context in which the legendary naturalist developed his ideas and exploring how subsequent generations of scientists, scholars, and social reformers adapted them. Informative and in-depth commentaries accompany the text of The Descent of Man, enabling readers to engage with Darwin's ideas and contextualize them in light of our current understanding of human evolution and sexual selection. Costa and Yale show how Darwin's antislavery commitments and his beliefs in European superiority shaped his account of the evolution of human difference, and examine how Victorian beliefs about gender informed the development of his theory of sexual selection. They explain where Darwin's arguments about the origins of human differences line up with modern science-and where they don't. Spanning the boundaries of history and science, this fully annotated edition illuminates the rich cultural and scientific contexts underpinning Darwin's ideas and introduces his landmark book to a new generation of readers.

An Annotated Edition of Darwin’s Classic Work

The Descent of Man

Heart of Science

'An engaging, insightful and panoramic survey of where we are, why we got here and what it means. A brilliant guide to the most important technology of our times' Mustafa Suleyman, CEO of Microsoft AI &amp; Cofounder of DeepMind 'For readers fascinated by the future of AI, this book is an eye-opening exploration of a revolution unfolding before our eyes' New York Journal of Books Stunning advances in digital technology have given us a new wave of disarmingly human-like AI systems. Chatbots like ChatGPT, Claude and Gemini put the knowledge of all the world's experts at our fingertips, and can generate meaningful sentences, equations and computer code. The march of this new technology is set to upturn our economies, challenge our democracies, and refashion society in unpredictable ways. We can expect these AI systems to soon be making autonomous decisions on the user's behalf, with transformative impact on everything we do. It is vital we understand how they work. Can AI systems 'think', 'know' and 'understand'? Could they manipulate or deceive you, and if so, what might they make you do? Whose interests do they ultimately represent? And when will they be able to move beyond words and take actions for themselves in the real world? To answer these questions, neuroscientist and AI researcher Christopher Summerfield explains how these strange new minds work. He charts the evolution of AI, from the earliest inklings about thinking machines in the seventeenth century to today's gargantuan deep neural networks. The resulting book is the most accessible, up-to-date and authoritative exploration of this radical new technology. Ultimately, armed with an understanding of AI's mysterious inner workings, we can begin to grapple with the existential question of our age: can we look forward to a technological utopia, or are we in the process of writing ourselves out of history? 'As a leading authority in both computational neuroscience and the social impacts of AI, Christopher Summerfield is perfectly situated to explore the meaning and implications of these machines that are so uncannily like - and unlike - ourselves' Brian Christian, co-author of Algorithms to Live by 'AI expert Chris Summerfield takes us on a tour of this astonishing new technology, and helps us to understand the issues it raises. You might choose to be alarmed, excited, or indifferent to LLMs, but you should read Chris's book before you decide' Mike Woolridge, author of The Road to Conscious Machines

‘An engaging, insightful and panoramic survey of where we are, why we got here and what it means. A brilliant guide to the most important technology of our times’ Mustafa Suleyman, CEO of Microsoft AI &amp; Cofounder of DeepMind Stunning advances in digital technology have given us a new wave of disarmingly human-like AI systems. Chatbots like ChatGPT, Claude and Gemini put the knowledge of all the world’s experts at our fingertips, and can generate meaningful sentences, equations and computer code. The march of this new technology is set to upturn our economies, challenge our democracies, and refashion society in unpredictable ways. We can expect these AI systems to soon be making autonomous decisions on the user’s behalf, with transformative impact on everything we do. It is vital we understand how they work. Can AI systems ‘think’, ‘know’ and ‘understand’? Could they manipulate or deceive you, and if so, what might they make you do? Whose interests do they ultimately represent? And when will they be able to move beyond words and take actions for themselves in the real world? To answer these questions, neuroscientist and AI researcher Christopher Summerfield explains how these strange new minds work. He charts the evolution of AI, from the earliest inklings about thinking machines in the seventeenth century to today’s gargantuan deep neural networks. The resulting book is the most accessible, up-to-date and authoritative exploration of this radical new technology. Ultimately, armed with an understanding of AI’s mysterious inner workings, we can begin to grapple with the existential question of our age: can we look forward to a technological utopia, or are we in the process of writing ourselves out of history? ‘As a leading authority in both computational neuroscience and the social impacts of AI, Christopher Summerfield is perfectly situated to explore the meaning and implications of these machines that are so uncannily like – and unlike – ourselves’ Brian Christian, co-author of Algorithms to Live by ‘AI expert Chris Summerfield takes us on a tour of this astonishing new technology, and helps us to understand the issues it raises. You might choose to be alarmed, excited, or indifferent to LLMs, but you should read Chris’s book before you decide’ Mike Woolridge, author of The Road to Conscious Machines

How AI Learned to Talk and What It Means

These Strange New Minds

Philosophy Of Science

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