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Kennedy A: Life, Law & Liberty

Life, Law & Liberty

A Memoir

Modern Studies in European Law

This book argues that the European Convention of Human Rights enshrines a right to freedom from violence, obliging states to anticipate and address risks of serious violence in all forms. It shows how that obligation has two elements. Firstly, states must respond to specific threats. Secondly, they must implement systemic measures to address more general risks of violence. It goes on to show how jurisprudence in the field has developed this flexible and comprehensive model, addressing the particular challenges violence presents. This new understanding, expertly set out in this study, provides a coherent framework for considering both existing controversies and future developments.

The ECHR Obligation to Avert Risks of Violence

Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice

The contemporary significance of the subject “Social Rights, Inequalities and Affirmative Action” is indisputable. In periods of social polarization, conflict and crisis, it is imperative that the obligation of our societies to protect and promote social rights is addressed and acknowledged. It is also necessary to recognize the way in which social rights are jeopardized by inequalities that impede the cultivation of robust social relationships and to document instances of the implementation of affirmative actions in this scenario. The aims of this work are as follows: firstly, to establish general topics (part I); secondly, to undertake more specific investigations within the primary topic (part II); and thirdly, to address the challenges posed by the technological transition currently taking place in society, which has significant consequences for social rights, (in)equality, and affirmative action (part III). The study is organized into three sections corresponding to these targets. For the purposes of this study, the analysis will commence, in the Part I of this book, at the genesis of the debates, as outlined in the chapter concerning the old and the new forms of racism. This contribution is followed by a chapter on the growing recognition of intersectional discrimination in European and global human rights frameworks and by another on structural discrimination and the function of the law against unjust enrichment. To further explore and expand upon the subjects addressed in the preceding chapters, the final chapter of Part I of this book delves into the topic of affirmative action in the United States. The second part of this work is dedicated primarily to specific forms of affirmative action, thereby deepening the discussion initiated in the first part of this book. The initial topic examines the way in which the pandemic has impacted specific social groups and led to the emergence of health disparities in the UK. The subsequent chapter is devoted to an examination of the alterations in the benefits of minimum income support in Brazil in recent years. The fourth chapter undertakes a detailed investigation of a specific affirmative action program for children and adolescents with the objective of reducing violence in urban areas. The final chapter conducts an analysis of ageing, public policies and inclusion in Brazil. The third and final section is dedicated to an examination of the challenges faced by our technological societies. The field of “Social Rights, Inequalities and Affirmative Action” is set to be impacted by the regulation of artificial intelligence, the increasing digitalization of activities, and the development of new tools designed to enhance the efficiency of the social state. The initial chapter of the concluding section deals with the regulation of artificial intelligence in Brazil and the impacts of neurotechnology. The second study examines conservative digitalization and structural inequalities in Latin American information societies, while the final study focuses on the emergence of the social digital state and the use of instruments that produce inequality and discrimination.

The contemporary significance of the subject “Social Rights, Inequalities and Affirmative Action” is indisputable. In periods of social polarization, conflict and crisis, it is imperative that the obligation of our societies to protect and promote social rights is addressed and acknowledged. It is also necessary to recognize the way in which social rights are jeopardized by inequalities that impede the cultivation of robust social relationships and to document instances of the implementation of affirmative actions in this scenario. The aims of this work are as follows: firstly, to establish general topics (part I); secondly, to undertake more specific investigations within the primary topic (part II); and thirdly, to address the challenges posed by the technological transition currently taking place in society, which has significant consequences for social rights, (in)equality, and affirmative action (part III). The study is organized into three sections corresponding to these targets. For the purposes of this study, the analysis will commence, in the Part I of this book, at the genesis of the debates, as outlined in the chapter concerning the old and the new forms of racism. This contribution is followed by a chapter on the growing recognition of intersectional discrimination in European and global human rights frameworks and by another on structural discrimination and the function of the law against unjust enrichment. To further explore and expand upon the subjects addressed in the preceding chapters, the final chapter of Part I of this book delves into the topic of affirmative action in the United States. The second part of this work is dedicated primarily to specific forms of affirmative action, thereby deepening the discussion initiated in the first part of this book. The initial topic examines the way in which the pandemic has impacted specific social groups and led to the emergence of health disparities in the UK. The subsequent chapter is devoted to an examination of the alterations in the benefits of minimum income support in Brazil in recent years. The fourth chapter undertakes a detailed investigation of a specific affirmative action program for children and adolescents with the objective of reducing violence in urban areas. The final chapter conducts an analysis of ageing, public policies and inclusion in Brazil. The third and final section is dedicated to an examination of the challenges faced by our technological societies. The field of “Social Rights, Inequalities and Affirmative Action” is set to be impacted by the regulation of artificial intelligence, the increasing digitalization of activities, and the development of new tools designed to enhance the efficiency of the social state. The initial chapter of the concluding section deals with the regulation of artificial intelligence in Brazil and the impacts of neurotechnology. The second study examines conservative digitalization and structural inequalities in Latin American information societies, while the final study focuses on the emergence of the social digital state and the use of instruments that produce inequality and discrimination.

Social Rights, Inequalities and Affirmative Action

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 09 Animals and Animal Products

A compilation of federal regulations, the CFRs are an authoritative source of government information representing broad subject areas. Title 9 presents regulations governing animal and plant health inspection services, grain inspection, packers and stockyard administration, and food safety and inspection of meat and poultry. Additions and revisions to this section of the code are posted annually by January.

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 09 Animals and Animal Products 1-199, Revised as of January 1, 2026

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 05 Administrative Personnel

The Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) are a vital resource for anyone who needs to understand the rules and requirements set by U.S. federal agencies. Title 5 presents information on federal employee management, civil service functions, employee benefits, as well as ethics and government organization and procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 05 Administrative Personnel 700-1199, Revised as of January 1, 2025

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 50 Wildlife and Fisheries

Title 50 presents regulations governing the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation and importation of wildlife and plants; wildlife refuges; wildlife research; fisheries conservation areas; fish and wildlife restoration; marine mammals; whaling; fisheries; tuna fisheries; and international fishing. Additions and revisions to this section of the code are posted annually by October. Publication follows within six months.

Title 50 presents regulations governing the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation and importation of wildlife and plants; wildlife refuges; wildlife research; fisheries conservation areas; fish and wildlife restoration; marine mammals; whaling; fisheries; tuna fisheries; and international fishing.

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 200-227, Revised as of October 1, 2025

This book is a comparative study of how courts and oversight bodies review lawmaking processes, exposing democratic deficits and advocating for transparent, participatory legislative reform across Europe. In an era of fast-track legislation and executive overreach, the democratic legitimacy of lawmaking is under increasing pressure. This timely and original volume offers the first comprehensive, comparative analysis of how judicial and non-judicial bodies monitor and assess legislative procedures across Europe and beyond. Drawing on examples from Hungary, France, and the United States, the book highlights troubling trends - such as the use of expedited processes, exclusion of opposition voices, and lack of public participation - that undermine democratic principles and good governance. Contributors examine how courts, parliamentary committees, and international organisations like the Venice Commission respond to these challenges, offering insights into their capacity to uphold constitutional standards and human rights protections. The book also explores the broader implications of defective lawmaking for the rule of law, separation of powers, and the achievement of global goals such as the UN's Sustainable Development Agenda. Featuring leading scholars and practitioners from across Europe, including underrepresented jurisdictions, the volume bridges theory and practice, offering a rich interdisciplinary perspective. It is essential reading for academics, legal professionals, policymakers, and civil society actors concerned with the integrity of democratic institutions and the future of legislative governance. By shedding light on the mechanisms of procedural review, this book makes a compelling case for more transparent, inclusive, and accountable lawmaking in democratic societies.

European Perspectives on the Procedural Review of Parliamentary Lawmaking

Americans take it for granted that the states of the union make up an economic common market. But that is the case only because early in the nation's history the Supreme Court ruled that the Commerce Clause of the Constitution establishes a principle--sometimes called the "dormant Commerce Clause" principle--that blocks individual states from cutting off the free flow of cross-border trade. From the 1820s onward the Court has issued hundreds of rulings applying this doctrine to prevent the states from imposing tariff-like taxes, local processing requirements, and other restrictions on the free movement of goods and services across state lines. The result for the nation has been, as Justice Robert Jackson once observed, a "material success that . . . has been the most impressive in the history of commerce." After joining the Court in 1986 Justice Antonin Scalia challenged the dormant Commerce Clause principle as an illegitimate judicial innovation at odds with a proper "originalist" interpretation of the Constitution. This critique, moreover, quickly picked up steam as other prominent jurists and commentators--most notably, Justice Clarence Thomas--gave it their enthusiastic support. Is the originalist challenge to the dormant Commerce Clause rule well-founded? In The Common-Market Constitution, Coenen argues that the answer is no. Like Justice Scalia, Coenen focuses on discovering the original public meaning of the Commerce Clause. According to Coenen, however, the text and history of that clause compel a conclusion that is the direct opposite of the one that Justice Scalia reached. As Coenen demonstrates, a proper originalist assessment of the dormant Commerce Clause principle requires consideration of a sweeping body of text- and history-based evidence that ranges far beyond what critics of that principal rule have focused on in the past. A full and fair appraisal of that evidence, Coenen argues, leaves no doubt that the constitutional rule that the Court has long applied to safeguard the American common market does reflect the original public meaning of the Commerce Clause.

Text, History, and the "Dormant Commerce Clause" Rule

The Common-Market Constitution

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10 Energy

A compilation of federal regulations, the Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) are an authoritative source of government information representing broad subject areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10 Energy 1-50, Revised as of January 1, 2025

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 12 Banks and Banking

This CFR presents regulations governing banking procedures and activities of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Export-Import Bank, Office of Thrift Supervision, Farm Credit Administration, and the National Credit Union Administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 12 Banks and Banking 600-899, Revised as of January 1, 2025

Klimawandel, Digitalisierung und technologische Revolution haben die globale Wirtschaftsordnung tiefgreifend verändert. Unsicherheit und Ängste treffen dabei auf eine zunehmende Konzentration finanzieller und politischer Macht. Genau in diesem Spannungsfeld findet der Rechtspopulismus seinen Nährboden. Auf die Märkte blickt der Rechtspopulismus durch die Brille der Macht. Das gilt vor allem für den globalen Handel. Es geht nicht um fairen Wettbewerb, sondern um Durchsetzung nationalistischer Interessen. An die Stelle globaler Kooperation treten geopolitische Konflikte. Diese Logik prägt auch die Binnenwirtschaft, wenn wirtschaftliche Macht genutzt wird, um unliebsame Gruppen unter Druck zu setzen. 
Gustav Horn stellt diesem Konfliktmodell eine kooperative Wirtschaftspolitik entgegen. Im Mittelpunkt steht ein aufgeklärter Protektionismus im EU-Außenhandel, der schützt, aber nicht abschottet. Dazu gehört die Kooperation mit allen Handelspartnern, die sich dem Freihandel verpflichtet fühlen. Um in einem konfliktträchtigen Umfeld bestehen zu können, ist ein dynamischer EU-Binnenmarkt mit Gütern der Daseinsvorsorge als Standbein unerlässlich. Dies lässt sich mit einem Dreiklang aus Intelligenz, Innovationen und Investitionen erreichen, indem in ein hervorragendes Bildungssystem, Innovationskultur und nachhaltige europäische Infrastruktur investiert wird. All dies zeigt die Überlegenheit eines kooperativen Vorgehens gegenüber dem derzeit gängigen Konfliktmodell, das Wohlstand zu vernichten droht.

Wirtschaftspolitik in Zeiten des Rechtspopulismus

Imperiale Machtspiele

Key Ideas in Law

This book provides an account of the most important and controversial aspects of the principle of legality in the United Kingdom. The principle of legality describes a method of statutory interpretation that empowers courts to prevent fundamental common law values from being overridden by unclear legislation. However, it makes more sense to think of multiple principles of legality, rather than a single concept. The book provides a fresh and detailed perspective on a controversial aspect of the common law. It will be useful for students of law and politics, legal practitioners and scholars. It explores the many complexities surrounding the historical origins, fields of application, mode of operation, and subject matter of the principle of legality. Despite its long history, the term 'principle of legality' only began to be used in public law cases towards the end of the twentieth century. More recently, judicial references to the principle of legality in high profile constitutional law cases have fuelled broader concerns about judicial overreach. The book argues that these concerns are unfounded, and deeper principles of legality are required.

Key Ideas in Law: The Principle of Legality

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 43 Public Lands: Interior

A compilation of federal regulations, the CFRs are an authoritative source of government information representing broad subject areas. Title 43 presents regulations relating to public lands (Bureau of Reclamation), land resource management, minerals management, range management, forest management, recreation programs, technical service (Bureau of Land Management), and administration of special programs (Office of the Secretary of the Interior).

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 43 Public Lands, Interior 1000-End, Revised as of October 1, 2025

Life, Law & Liberty

Weitere Titel zum Thema