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Law and Criminology (R0)

Shai Dothan

Law as a Science

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"&gt;1. Introduction.- Part&amp;nbsp;A Methodology&lt;!-- [if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
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style='mso-element:field-end'&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;for Legal Research.- 2. The Importance of Making Assumptions.- 3. A Reduction of the Law to Its Components.- 4. The Right Way to Use Reasoning by Analogy.- Part B Legal Principles and Their Limits.- 5.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Proportionality.- 6. Consistency.- 7. Truth.- Part C&amp;nbsp;Observing the Law.- 8. What Law Looks Like.- 9. Conclusion.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Challenging decades of scholarship and Supreme Court jurisprudence, newly discovered historical documents reveal that the First Amendment's Free Exercise Clause was meant to protect only the freedom to worship, not broader rights of conscience. The First Amendment proclaims that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." This language has been taken to provide sweeping constitutional protection for the freedom of belief and the freedom to act on one's beliefs, underpinning conscience-based claims by people seeking to avoid military service, mandatory schooling for their children, or being required to work on the Sabbath. Recently, religious traditionalists have appealed to the Free Exercise Clause to seek exemptions from laws connected with abortion, contraception, and same-sex marriage. In The Free Exercise Clause and the Rights of Conscience, Donald Drakeman demonstrates that such readings of the First Amendment are dramatically overbroad. Numerous newly available sources clearly show that when the Bill of Rights was ratified, Americans understood "free exercise of religion" as a well-established term of art referring solely to the ability to hold public worship services. That meaning remained unchanged well into the twentieth century. Time and again, when believers asked the courts for conscience-based exemptions from statutes, judges turned them down, telling them to address the legislature instead. It was only in the mid-twentieth century that the Supreme Court radically reimagined the Free Exercise Clause, granting religious exemptions from statutory duties for the first time in American history. As a result, today's Free Exercise Clause bears little resemblance to that of the framers and the American tradition of religious liberty. Given the current Supreme Court's heavy emphasis on original meaning and tradition when interpreting the Constitution, Drakeman's discovery could have significant implications for the future of conscience-based exemptions and the First Amendment itself.

The Free Exercise Clause and the Rights of Conscience

The term «frozen conflict» is commonly understood as a blurred state between war and peace. It typically refers to disputes in the post-Soviet space, namely South Ossetia and Abkhazia in Georgia, Transnistria in Moldova, and Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan. However, it remains an ambiguous concept with no uniform definition. This book explores the relationship between International Law and frozen conflicts by examining the term, analysing the four cases mentioned, and situating the concept within the wider legal landscape. Frozen conflicts challenge the discipline’s binary logic by blurring the boundaries of war and peace, international and non-international armed conflicts, states and nonstates, and law and politics. The book offers a critical reflection on the limitations of International Law when addressing such ambiguous phenomena.

Challenging Legal Categories in the Post-Soviet Space

Frozen Conflicts in International Law

Springer-Lehrbuch

Das nunmehr in zweiter Auflage vorliegende Werk gibt einen ausführlichen Überblick über die zentralen Bereiche der Verfassungsgeschichte des neuzeitlichen „Heiligen Römischen Reiches Deutscher Nation“ und seiner maßgeblichen Landesherrschaften. Es soll den sich mit dieser Epoche der Verfassungsgeschichte Beschäftigenden die dafür benötigten Informationen und Erkenntnisse einschließlich des unabdingbaren ereignisgeschichtlichen Hintergrundes vermitteln. Die in wesentlichen Teilen im Vergleich zur ersten überarbeitete zweite Auflage richtet sich zuvörderst an Studierende der Rechts-, Geschichts- und Politikwissenschaften, für die hinreichende Kenntnisse des studienbezogenen Pflichtstoffs über die Entstehung und Entwicklung des historischen deutschen Verfassungsrechts unabdingbar sind. Sie vermag selbstredend auch sonstigen interessierten Lesern als fundierter „Einstieg“ in die neuzeitliche Verfassungsgeschichte des Alten Reiches zu dienen.

Band 1: Das Alte Reich von der frühen Neuzeit bis zu seinem Ende (1495 bis 1806)

Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte

Das richterliche Urteil gibt sich nach außen als das Ergebnis einer neutralen Regelanwendung aus. Kritischen, sprachphilosophisch informierten Untersuchungen ist jedoch der Nachweis gelungen, dass eine Regel ihre Anwendung nicht zu determinieren vermag. Es fragt sich dann, warum der formalistische Anspruch der richterlichen Entscheidungsfindung - zumindest in ihrer Selbstdarstellung - fortbesteht, wenn er doch nicht der Realität entspricht. Dieser Frage geht Lennart Schwedler mit Verweis auf die gesellschaftliche Funktion des Rechts und mithilfe des Begriffs der formalistischen Prätention nach.
Das Buch zeigt, dass und warum das Recht zwingend darauf angewiesen ist, den Anspruch zu erheben, richterliche Entscheidungen seien Resultat neutraler Regelanwendung. Denn sonst könnte es die ihm vorgetragenen Konflikte dauerhaft nicht befrieden - worin eben seine gesellschaftliche Funktion besteht. Recht ist folglich auf die Vorgabe eines Wesens festgelegt, dem zu entsprechen es nicht in der Lage ist.
Diesem Umstand verleiht der Begriff der formalistischen Prätention Ausdruck. Er erschließt einen Blick auf das Recht, welcher eine Untersuchung seiner sprachphilosophischen Grundlagen mit einer Analyse seiner Funktionsbedingungen vereint und welcher die durchgreifenden Einsichten der Kritik weder übergeht noch als Schlusspunkt hinnimmt, sondern sie vielmehr zum Ausgangspunkt seiner Beschreibung macht.

Ansatz einer postkritischen Rechtstheorie

Die formalistische Prätention des Rechts

Understanding China

This book establishes an innovative interdisciplinary research paradigm for studying China's distinctive legal discourse, systematically elucidating the generative logic and global interaction mechanisms of contemporary Chinese legal narratives. Breaking free from the constraints of legal-centrism, the author creatively integrates legal philosophy, critical discourse analysis, and area studies to construct a three-tiered analytical framework of "civilizational foundations-methodological innovation-practical verification," establishing an autonomous paradigm for Chinese legal discourse research.
The work achieves dual academic breakthroughs: First, it constructs a theoretical framework for analyzing contemporary Chinese legal discourse, providing new cognitive schemata for legal discourse studies and global governance scholarship. Second, it pioneers the introduction of philosophy of technology into legal research, demonstrating how digital technologies reshape China's legal trust mechanisms. At the policy level, it proposes the "Four Principles of Legal Discourse Innovation" and a "Communication Efficacy Enhancement Matrix," offering actionable solutions for building a new-era legal system and participating in global rule-making.
With its theory-practice integrated approach, this book caters to both general readers interested in legal civilization and scholars in international relations, legal studies, and global governance by providing an analytical framework that combines academic depth with policy relevance. It holds particular enlightening value for students in related disciplines.

Theoretical Basis, Innovative Pathways, and Global Governance

Chinese Rule of Law Discourse System

This book seeks answers to two basic questions: What are normative rules and how can and should we apply them? It takes a fresh look both at legal reasoning as a process and normative rules as instruments. On the one hand, based on a decision-making model, it suggests a more practical approach to rule application that isn’t limited to interpretation, but includes searching, evaluation and choice. On the other hand, it proposes a more precise structure for normative rules that includes not only their scope and normative consequences, but also their circumstances and purposes. It then goes on to study such features as their open- and mandatoriness as well as their generality, vagueness and ambiguity, and examines how these features impact the rules’ breadth and the discretion they offer in terms of their application. Lastly, it considers how these aspects affect rules’ validity, binding- and effectiveness. Because the application of normative rules requires a basis in evidence, the book also includes a discussion of fact-finding and points to some interesting similarities between the philosophies of law and science.&nbsp;

A Model for Normative and Empirical Reasoning

Practical Reasoning

Grasping the Changing Mood of the World

Global Cooperation in Times of Crisis

"How God sees the world" is a message of peace on Earth, an invitation to Christians and the world to become peaceful and meek like angels, an invitation to mankind to become compassionate and stand together to combat pollution and the global warming of the Earth.
"How God sees the world" is the Bible, Western philosophy, Mathematics, Literature, Science and Life. The book is unique and revolutionary in the history of humanity because the author uses mathematical reasoning to prove the truths in religion, philosophy, and life.
The author is an advocate of the renaissance civilization and zero growth as was recommended by the Club of Rome in the book entitled "The Limits to growth". The author explains the mysteries of Satan and original sin by using Personnalism, Phenomenology, Existentialism, and Mathematics.
Mathematics is logic and the art of reasoning.
The author demonstrates mathematically and biblically that a Christian is a saint, a communist, or a neutral being. That is to say humanity must become communist or brotherly to hope to solve the problems of pollution,
unemployment, violence, poverty, health, crime, wars, etc. This means humanity must become communist or brotherly if it wants to survive.

New Edition

How God Sees The World

Law and Philosophy Library

In this book, John Finnis provides a virtually unparalleled, in-depth assessment of Leon Petrażycki’s work by a Western scholar. In the opening chapter, Finnis takes up the challenge of reading Petrażycki not simply as a historical curiosity of Eastern European jurisprudence but as a thinker whose wide-ranging and ambitious ideas continue to spark debate today. He critiques not only Petrażycki’s non-standard “economic analysis of law,” which differs markedly from the Chicago School model (not to mention from Guido Calabresi’s and Pietro Trimarchi’s versions), but also many other aspects of Petrażycki’s various contributions to jurisprudence. These include, above all, his legal-realistic but nonetheless appreciative treatment of the natural-law tradition(s), which makes Petrażycki both distinctive and difficult to classify in terms of standard schools of thought.Finnis’ essay is followed by nine further contributions. Written by scholars from different traditions and standpoints, they criticize, reassess, and elaborate upon Finnis’ arguments, creating a rich and multi-voiced dialogue. The volume concludes with Finnis’ own, extensive “concluding reflections,” in which he directly responds to his fellow contributors, clarifying his original questions and replying to the challenges raised in their chapters.This unique volume showcases Finnis’ insights, while enabling his interlocutors to highlight the depth and complexity of both Finnis’ and Petrażycki’s thought, as well as broader issues – more relevant now than ever – such as the differences between Catholic natural law, Orthodox natural law, and Petrażycki’s atheistic, humanistic, anti-speciesist ideal of substituting love for law and morality alike.

Ten Scholars in Dialogue on Legal Realism and Natural Law

Debating Finnis on Petrażycki

Palgrave Studies in Institutions, Economics and Law

Combining External Incentives and Intrinsic Motivations

The Determinants of Tax Evasion

Palgrave Studies in Race, Ethnicity, Indigeneity and Criminal Justice

This Handbook addresses the role of the criminal-legal system in projecting and enforcing racial injustice across the globe. It consists of high-profile contributions that expose structural relations, global colonial and imperial histories, class oppression, and ongoing hegemonic domination that generate racial injustices and are embedded in criminalization and law enforcement. The Handbook considers racist ideologies and their origins, racist institutions, procedures, and practices, and their impacts, and resistance/collective responses to racism. It includes a range of different types of chapters including conceptual/theoretical, empirical, methodological, practitioner, and activist insights. It speaks to contemporary issues and is first of its kind to address racial injustice on a global scale. It is explicitly anti-racist and gathers works of critical criminology, sociology, cultural studies, postcolonial studies, and cognate fields. The Handbook pays special attention to intersectional dynamics including nexuses of racism, class, gender, and sexuality. The Handbook focusses on the settler colonial and global majority countries, their peoples and their struggles, including questions of Indigenous justice.

This Handbook addresses the role of the criminal-legal system in projecting and enforcing racial injustice across the globe. It consists of high-profile contributions that expose structural relations, global colonial and imperial histories, class oppression, and ongoing hegemonic domination that generate racial injustices and are embedded in criminalization and law enforcement. The Handbook considers racist ideologies and their origins, racist institutions, procedures, and practices, and their impacts, and resistance/collective responses to racism. It includes a range of different types of chapters including conceptual/theoretical, empirical, methodological, practitioner, and activist insights. It speaks to contemporary issues and is first of its kind to address racial injustice on a global scale. It is explicitly anti-racist and gathers works of critical criminology, sociology, cultural studies, postcolonial studies, and cognate fields. The Handbook pays special attention to intersectional dynamics including nexuses of racism, class, gender, and sexuality. The Handbook focusses on the settler colonial and global majority countries, their peoples and their struggles, including questions of Indigenous justice.

The Palgrave Handbook of Racial Injustice and Resistance

This book explores how both common law and civil law traditions have long devoted extensive attention to&nbsp;litigious facts—those directly related to the parties involved in a dispute. These facts have consistently been central to procedural theories, particularly the theory of evidence.
At the same time, it draws attention to another category of facts that remain largely unexamined by judges and lawyers. Especially in the context of constitutional review and binding precedents, there are facts that do not concern the litigants—or at least not exclusively. These are general facts, connected to social life and the functioning of the world, and they closely resemble&nbsp;legislative facts. Since law presupposes reality and social needs—facts that concern everyone—their presence in constitutional adjudication should not come as a surprise.
The volume&nbsp;introduces the concept of&nbsp;constitutional facts, which emerge when constitutional review moves beyond its normative roots and engages with the lived reality of society. Deciding based on constitutional facts carries a significant democratic dimension.
While the analysis&nbsp;acknowledges that constitutional decisions should remain open to institutional dialog, it also argues that deliberation should not be prematurely closed when constitutional facts—overlooked by the legislature or still under public debate—are brought before the judiciary through legal challenges.
Beyond theory, the work also addresses decision-making strategies that foster institutional dialog around these facts, offering a framework that supports more transparent and participatory constitutional adjudication.

(Dis)covering Another Procedural Reality

Constitutional Facts?

Law as a Science

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