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Gaston County: Economic And Social

Merchants, Markets and Wealth in the Early Modern Atlantic World

The Age of Commerce

A revelatory financial history showing that today's massive Islamic finance industry was preceded by decades of Muslim interest banking across Eurasia and Africa. Since the 1970s, the now multi-trillion-dollar Islamic finance industry has offered interest-free banking to Muslims around the world. Its proponents maintain that Islamic law strictly forbids all forms of financial interest. Many academic accounts echo this perspective, assuming that before the 1970s, Muslims either avoided interest banking out of deep-seated religious hostility or practiced it in defiance of religious stricture. Yet as Michael O'Sullivan argues, these narratives overlook rich traditions of Muslim interest banking that preceded Islamic finance. In the early twentieth century, the first modern Muslim-owned interest banks appeared across Eurasia and Africa-from India to the Ottoman Empire, Tsarist Russia, Habsburg Bosnia, Tunisia, Egypt, Iran, Palestine, and Indonesia. Viewed as a solution to Muslim economic distress, these banks intensified debates among Muslims about both the Islamic legal tradition and acceptable economic practices. While interest banks raised suspicions among some Islamic legal scholars, others explicitly defended their legality and encouraged Muslim entrepreneurs. Ultimately, O'Sullivan shows that the Islamic finance industry's commitment to interest-free banking was a product of contingency as much as principle. It was a combination of bank failures, high rates of indebtedness, and changing religious interpretations that eventually led many Muslims to reject interest banking and demand a replacement more commensurate with an "Islamic economy." Even so, the religious debates inaugurated by the first Muslim interest banks persist to this day. A vibrant portrait of economic life in the so-called peripheries of capital, The Borrower's Refuge is a major contribution to the global history of finance.

Muslim Interest Banking Before Islamic Finance

The Borrower’s Refuge

A dazzling exploration of the phenomenon of prediction betting markets that asks: what happens when democracy becomes another commodity? For many, Donald Trump's decisive election victory over Kamala Harris in 2024 was a shock. Traditional polls had the race on a razor's edge. But, for those with eyes on prediction betting markets, a very different story was being told. In recent years, prediction markets have swept the world, fundamentally changing the nature of the gambling market, and making their youthful pioneers billionaires. Posed as binary 'Yes/No' questions about future events, prediction bets allow any difference of opinion - whether on politics, wars, assassinations or popular culture - to be financialised. But are these markets really a new phenomenon? What does it mean when markets get closer to the truth than the institutions we built to protect us? And what happens when those tasked with safeguarding democracy possess financial stakes in its volatility? From Renaissance Rome, where merchants wagered on papal conclaves, through London coffee house gossip during the Napoleonic Wars, to the Pentagon's ill-fated terrorism futures exchange, The Big Bet describes the full five-hundred-year arc of a permissive regime which no one designed and no one voted for. Drawing on deep expertise, Michael Auerbach examines how these markets are changing our world, and what they mean for the future of our democratic self-governance. Because they are not an anomaly - they are the logical endpoint of a society that has applied market capitalism to every aspect of life. And in a world when everything is a wager and nothing is off limits, knowing where the chips will fall matters more than ever.

Prediction Markets and the Future of Democracy

The Big Bet

In striking black-and-white portraits, dozens of survivors of Michigan's cruel sentencing of children to life without parole-now free adults-are portrayed with irrepressible dignity&nbsp; 
 
The United States is the only country in the world that sentences children to serve time in adult prisons without the possibility of parole. The portrayal of children in conflict with the law, particularly children of color, as inherently threatening, dangerous, and adult-like has been key to denying these youth a second chance and foundational in justifying their cruel and excessive punishment in the criminal legal system.. 
 
In&nbsp;Morning from Now On, LaBelle, himself a survivor of childhood incarceration, cocreates astute and nuanced portraits with more than fifty of the hundreds of people in Michigan incarcerated as children. Accompanying essays provide critical context on the history of and impact on a society that locks away our children. 
 
In witnessing these survivors' yearning for freedom, the obstacles they face upon reentry, as well as the wonder and joy of being reunited with their families and communities, this collection reminds us of their unfathomable losses and calls on us to cherish&nbsp;all&nbsp;our children. 
 
With contributions by Jose Burgos, Bernardine Dohrn, Xavier McElrath-Bey, Timothy Connors, and Alison Leal Parker. 
 
Learn more at the Morning from Now On website.

Portraits of Life after Juvenile Incarceration

Morning from Now On

Palgrave Studies in the History of Finance

This book brings together the most significant uncollected writings of the renowned economic historian Peter Spufford (1934–2017). Spanning topics from medieval coinage and monetary policy to international trade and shifting financial centres, this volume showcases Spufford’s unique ability to integrate numismatics, economic history, and archival research across multiple languages and disciplines.The collection includes both previously published and unpublished studies, some of which were originally available only in German, French, or Italian. These papers reflect Spufford’s lifelong commitment to uncovering the complexities of medieval economies through rigorous analysis of primary sources, archaeological evidence, and pictorial materials. The volume makes accessible a wealth of scholarship that had remained scattered or difficult to obtain, offering new insights into the monetary and commercial systems of Europe from the Middle Ages to the early modern period. It will be a fascinating resource for historians of money, trade, and medieval Europe.Jan Lucassen
 is an Honorary Fellow at the International Institute of Social History, the Netherlands.&nbsp;
 Peter Spufford 
 was Professor of European History at the University of Cambridge, UK.&nbsp;

This book brings together the most significant uncollected writings of the renowned economic historian Peter Spufford (1934–2017). Spanning topics from medieval coinage and monetary policy to international trade and shifting financial centres, this volume showcases Spufford’s unique ability to integrate numismatics, economic history, and archival research across multiple languages and disciplines.The collection includes both previously published and unpublished studies, some of which were originally available only in German, French, or Italian. These papers reflect Spufford’s lifelong commitment to uncovering the complexities of medieval economies through rigorous analysis of primary sources, archaeological evidence, and pictorial materials. The volume makes accessible a wealth of scholarship that had remained scattered or difficult to obtain, offering new insights into the monetary and commercial systems of Europe from the Middle Ages to the early modern period. It will be a fascinating resource for historians of money, trade, and medieval Europe.

Collected Essays of Peter Spufford

Money, Trade and Shifting Financial Centres, 1000 – 1800

A challenge to incentivization as a dominant framework for understanding and governing people From corporate management and consumer behavior to public health and climate policy, incentives are widely treated as a neutral and effective way to shape how people act. In this book, Guus Dix shows that incentives are not simple policy nudges; they lull us into a passive understanding of ourselves as being merely responsive to changes others make to our environment. They foster a politics of incremental tweaks to a socially and ecologically destructive economic system that we are expected to accept without question. Dix argues that it is time to challenge the reign of incentives in contemporary science and public life. Dix traces the evolution of the incentive, from the engineering of performance charts and rewards for factory workers to combating gridlock at Britain’s National Health Service. He describes the function of incentives under socialism, theories of adjustment incentives developed at the Harvard Business School to manage employees, and incentivizing whole economies—both socialist and capitalist. He shows that incentivization is a distinct way of wielding power. Incentives have become part of a quasi-universal governing philosophy that keeps us from addressing such major issues as poverty and the climate crisis. Finally, Dix analyzes the limits of incentivization, arguing that being governed by incentives keeps us from considering government policies that have the potential to bring about meaningful and transformative change.

A Critical History of a Powerful Idea

Incentives

How the social organization of Europe and China shaped their divergent economic and political trajectories over the past millennium In the eleventh century, when Europe was still backward and poor, China was a rich and sophisticated civilization. Yet Europe became the birthplace of democracy and the Industrial Revolution, driving the Great Enrichment, while China stagnated until the end of the twentieth century and was always ruled by autocracies. Two Paths to Prosperity traces the emergence of two very different social organizations in premodern China and Europe--the clan and the corporation--showing how they were key factors in the economic and political divergence of these two great civilizations. In this landmark book, three leading economists offer a bold new account of why Europe and China evolved along such different trajectories. In the early Middle Ages, public goods like risk sharing, religious worship, education, and conflict resolution were provided by nonstate organizations in both societies. China increasingly relied on kin-based cooperation within clans, while weaker kinship ties in Europe gave rise to corporations such as guilds, universities, and self-governing towns. Despite performing similar functions, clans and corporations were built on very different principles--with lasting consequences until today. Providing a novel answer to a fundamental question in economic and political history, Two Paths to Prosperity shows how extended kinship in Chinese society facilitated the consolidation of autocracy and hindered innovation and economic development, and how corporations in Europe influenced emerging state institutions and set the stage for the Industrial Revolution.

Culture and Institutions in Europe and China, 1000–2000

Two Paths to Prosperity

From 1974 to 2003, New Orleans had one man serve as its district attorney: Harry Connick Sr. That same time span marked a period of sharply rising incarceration rates and changing opinions about law and order, both locally and nationally. Louisiana in particular eventually gained the reputation of being the country's most incarcerated state; New Orleans, as its biggest city, bore much of the responsibility for earning it that designation. Connick was known for his tough-on-crime approach to prosecution, forcefully employing old and new legal strategies to send droves of defendants to jail and prison, often for as long as possible. 	 	 	Connick was popular enough with voters to be re-elected four times, a long tenure that is particularly notable given the increase in Black political presence and power in New Orleans during that time. His multiple re-elections were evidence that enough of the city's Black voters supported his policies to keep him as DA, even when he faced spirited opposition from Black candidates who tried to show constituents how Connick had failed them. However, by the time of his retirement in 2003, Connick's reputation had begun to suffer as revelations of shocking prosecutorial misconduct in his office emerged. Over the past twenty years, those revelations have only increased in number and scope. Connick, now deceased, has left a fractured legacy whose reverberations continue to be felt in New Orleans. 	 	 	Susan Penman's Uncertain Justice shows what Connick's office was like during the decades he was in power: how it was situated politically, what steps it took to curb crime at a time when so many New Orleanians were concerned about violence, and what locals perceived about how it functioned—and in turn how they either supported or questioned Connick's policies. Penman demonstrates the vast influence a district attorney possesses and how that influence manifests locally through legislation, office practices, and political sway. Uncertain Justice sits at the nexus of carceral studies and history by exploring how one man, at the helm of a very powerful office, navigated shifting political currents and exercised immense authority throughout many crucial years.

Harry Connick Sr., Politics, and Prosecution in New Orleans

Uncertain Justice

A Financial Times Book of the YearNo other phenomenon has shaped human history as decisively as capitalism. It structures how we live and work, how we think about ourselves and others, how we organise our politics. Sven Beckert situates the story of capitalism within the largest conceivable geographical and historical framework in this fascinating new book.Capitalism, argues Beckert, was born global. Emerging from merchant communities across Asia, Africa and Europe, capitalism's radical recasting of economic life rooted itself only gradually. Then it burst onto the world scene, as European states and merchants built a powerful alliance that would propel them across the oceans. This epic drama corresponded at no point to an idealised dream of free markets. All along, state-backed institutions and imperial expansions shaped its dynamics.Capitalism decentres the European perspective, highlighting agency, resistance, innovation and ruthless coercion around the world through to the present with the rise of Asian economies, particularly China. Sven Beckert doesn't merely add up capitalism's debits and credits in this monumental book, but allows us to think afresh about the past to help us re-imagine the future.

A Global History

Capitalism

Milton Friedman and Economic Debate in the United States

The third installment in the definitive account of the famed economist's role in economic debate--and his lasting influence on economic policy. Milton Friedman is widely recognized as one of the most significant contributors to economics in the modern age. Yet no previous study has distilled Friedman's vast body of writings into an authoritative account of his research, his policy views, and his interventions in public debate. Through his sweeping series on the most influential economist of the second half of the twentieth century, Edward Nelson closes this gap: Milton Friedman and EconomicDebate in the United States is the defining narrative on the famed public intellectual--the first to grapple comprehensively with Friedman's research output, economic framework, and legacy. Volume 3 chronicles Friedman's activities from 1973 to 1976, encompassing his final years at the University of Chicago and a period that saw his further ascension in national prominence. In the mid-1970s, economic news dominated American political discourse as the nation endured double-digit inflation and recession. It was during this time that Friedman's views became a center of economic debate in both the research world and public debate, while his explanation for "stagflation" formed part of the critique of stabilization policy that would lead to his 1976 Nobel Prize. Nelson details the controversies that Friedman faced in the media--including his contrarian stances on inflation's cure, the economic implications of oil price shocks, and the social responsibility of business--and how Friedman concluded that the world needed a "new Adam Smith" to press the case for free markets. Drawing upon a large body of documentary sources, interviews with dozens of the people closest to Friedman, and his own expertise in Friedman's research area of monetary analysis, Nelson provides the definitive account of the formative (and uneven) events in Friedman's foray into life as a public intellectual and how his research permanently shifted economic thinking.

Milton Friedman and Economic Debate in the United States, 1973-1976, Vol. 3

A Dark History of ...

Aberdeen has been an important city in Scotland since the Middle Ages, with its university founded in 1495. Traditional industries including fishing were supplanted more recently by oil production and new energy and technological businesses. Alongside Aberdeen's growth and prosperity is a darker side, from the massacre at the medieval castle and the violence of Royalist soldiers in the Civil War, to witch trials, the infamous Tolbooth, connections to slavery and child kidnapping, grave robbing, the River Dee Ferry Boat Disaster, and much more. In A Dark History of Aberdeen author Gregor Stewart delves into the often lesser known but darker stories from Aberdeen's past. This fascinating insight into Aberdeen will be of interest to all those who want to know more about the city's remarkable history.

A Dark History of Aberdeen

From the author of A People's Guide to Capitalism, a clear-eyed look at cryptocurrencies from the left, cutting through the glitz and the scams to reveal how crypto mirrors and exacerbates the crises of capitalism. 
 
Cryptocurrencies have gone from being fringe investments relevant only to hardcore adherents to a $3.7 trillion industry with a direct line to Donald Trump's White House. The promises of crypto are wide-ranging, preying on a basic reality: people are disaffected by an economic and financial system that has excluded them and wonder if cryptocurrencies can offer a more transparent and inclusive alternative. 
 
Challenge any of these notions, or raise concerns about crypto's associations with money laundering, the speculative bubbles ballooning around these assets, or the disastrous climate implications of the technology behind crypto, and you'll be told by proselytizers that you simply don't understand. That complexity is often intentional, serving as a shield from critical scrutiny. 
 
Enter Crypto-Capitalism, Hadas Thier's deft, accessible examination of the rise and fall and rise again of crypto. Drawing on years of reporting on the industry, its insiders, and the ordinary people impacted by its wild peaks and busts, Thier explains how cryptocurrencies work, elucidates the context and implications of their rise, and debunks the utopian mythology that animates their boosters. 
 
By showing that systemic exploitation and domination are inherent in a crisis-ridden capitalist economy and are matters of class power, not technology, Thier convincingly cuts through the froth and the lies of financial dystopia. Along the way, she opens up alternative avenues for imagining what economic democracy could actually look like.

The New Financial Dystopia

Crypto-Capitalism

Gaston County: Economic And Social

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