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Law and Criminology (R0)

Soorya Balendra

Free Speech in the Puzzle of Content Regulation

Insights from the West and the Global South

&lt;p&gt;1. Introduction.- 2. The Evolution of Free Speech in the Era of Social Media.- 3. International Standards on Free Speech and Intermediaries.- 4. Regulating Social Media Platforms.- 5. Content Regulations by Platforms: Enduring Challenges.- 6. Digital Authoritarianism – the Chinese Model and Beyond.- 7. &amp;nbsp;Section 230: Ongoing Debates on the ‘Safe Harbor’ Provision.- 8. Unveiling NetzDG: The Digital Berlin Wall.- 9. Regulation from the South: IT Rules of India.- 10. Continuing Repression: The Online Safety Act of Sri Lanka.- 11. Conclusion &amp;amp; A Way Forward.&lt;/p&gt;


Pathways towards Fairness

Remedies to Digital Vulnerability in European Private Law

European Union and its Neighbours in a Globalized World

In Europe, the digital landscape is undergoing significant transformations, driven by both technological advancements and regulatory changes. The primary challenges lie in managing the influence of dominant large platforms while striving to create a fairer, more accessible, and competitive European digital market. In response, the European Union has initiated a regulatory revolution with major legislative acts such as the Artificial Intelligence Act (Ai Act), Digital Markets Act (DMA) and the Digital Services Act (DSA). The book deals with the impact of these regulatory systems in selected Eu Member States.
Given the significance and cross-disciplinary nature of the topic, the book is divided in two main sections. The first section addresses the recently approved Artificial Intelligence Act and its impact on the regulatory framework and administrative systems of the specified Member States. In light of the increasing integration of artificial intelligence within the public sector across Europe, this section examines the existence of national legislation in the relevant countries and its relationship with the AI Act. Furthermore, this section investigates the organizational and institutional changes in the selected countries, as well as the reinterpretation of traditional principles of administrative law or the creation of new ones to align with the provisions of the Regulation. The second section delves into the complex landscape of the newly introduced DMA and DSA, focusing on the various institutional arrangements adopted by Member States and their national competent administrations to support this new EU legal regime. &nbsp;It provides a comprehensive and detailed understanding of the national-level implementation of these regulations and their implications, highlighting the institutional interplay and the complexities of effective regulation in the digital age.

The EU Digital Regulation and its Impact on Member States

Munich Studies on Innovation and Competition

“It is commonly held that the limited market of Personalised Medicine (PM) undermines the relevance of patent protection, given the limited returns on investment. However, contrary to initial assumptions, this study finds that PM markets are not per se unattractive financially because of their size. While each application market may be characterised by a smaller consumer base, this does not represent the entire scale of the market. The same substance may be utilised for a multitude of applications, encompassing both personalised and conventional drugs. In addition, factors such as the added value of more efficient and targeted treatments and cost reduction of clinical trials also enhance PM’s appeal. 
Despite the absence of any substantial challenges to the patentability of PM drugs and diagnostics in Europe, the enforcement of these rights against infringement is notably challenging. The uncertain enforcement environment has been shown to encourage strategic behavior from both patent holders and generic manufacturers, potentially leading to market dysfunction. 
In light of the patent system’s inherent limitations, the study also investigates the regulatory exclusivity framework. This study provides an unprecedented holistic examination of the incentives for PM under patent, supplementary protection certificates, and regulatory laws. 
The study’s findings also reveal that while the EU aspires to lead globally in PM research and acknowledge its societal importance—especially given ageing populations and mounting healthcare expenses—no specific exclusivity rights for PM have been introduced or the existing ones adapted. In order to address this gap, the author deconstructs the concept of PM from scientific, economic, and normative perspectives to identify potential subjects that could be covered by exclusivity rights. 
The in-depth analysis effectively demystifies the complex scientific and economic foundations of PM, rendering them accessible and comprehensible. By undertaking this analysis, the author identifies areas within PM that may benefit from the de lege lata exclusivities or from the implementation of dedicated exclusivity rights as well as the incoherences in de lege lata and its application, especially in regard to regulatory law.”

“It is commonly held that the limited market of Personalised Medicine (PM) undermines the relevance of patent protection, given the limited returns on investment. However, contrary to initial assumptions, this study finds that PM markets are not
 per se 
 unattractive financially because of their size. While each application market may be characterised by a smaller consumer base, this does not represent the entire scale of the market. The same substance may be utilised for a multitude of applications, encompassing both personalised and conventional drugs. In addition, factors such as the added value of more efficient and targeted treatments and cost reduction of clinical trials also enhance PM’s appeal. 
 Despite the absence of any substantial challenges to the patentability of PM drugs and diagnostics in Europe, the enforcement of these rights against infringement is notably challenging. The uncertain enforcement environment has been shown to encourage strategic behavior from both patent holders and generic manufacturers, potentially leading to market dysfunction. In light of the patent system’s inherent limitations, the study also investigates the regulatory exclusivity framework. This study provides an unprecedented holistic examination of the incentives for PM under patent, supplementary protection certificates, and regulatory laws. The study’s findings also reveal that while the EU aspires to lead globally in PM research and acknowledge its societal importance—especially given ageing populations and mounting healthcare expenses—no specific exclusivity rights for PM have been introduced or the existing ones adapted. In order to address this gap, the author deconstructs the concept of PM from scientific, economic, and normative perspectives to identify potential subjects that could be covered by exclusivity rights. 
 The in-depth analysis effectively demystifies the complex scientific and economic foundations of PM, rendering them accessible and comprehensible. By undertaking this analysis, the author identifies areas within PM that may benefit from the 
 de lege lata
 exclusivities or from the implementation of dedicated exclusivity rights as well as the incoherences in 
 de legelata
 and its application, especially in regard to regulatory law.”

Incentives from Exclusivities Provided by IP and Regulatory Law

Personalised Medicine

Human Vulnerability in Interaction with AI in European Private Law

With a distinctive framework composed of “Basic Categories,” “Basic Theories,” and “International Protection,” the book constructs a comprehensive system for the general theory of intellectual property, which offers an academic summary of the most abstract, general, and fundamental issues in the field of intellectual property research.
In the section on “Basic Categories,” the analysis centers on rights as the core concept, exploring the definition, nature, characteristics, subjects, objects, utilization, limitations, and protection of intellectual property rights. This section delves into the essential components and attributes of intellectual property rights, legal relationships, operational mechanisms, as well as the scope of protection and the structural framework of the system.&nbsp;
The “Basic Theories” section focuses on the intellectual property system itself, examining its historical evolution, theoretical foundations, cultural implications, value objectives, and policy functions. This part critically evaluates the scientific validity, legitimacy, and rationality of the intellectual property system’s construction.&nbsp;
The “International Protection” section adopts a global perspective to analyze the origins, development, and transformations of the intellectual property protection system. It also provides a “Chinese perspective” on international intellectual property issues, offering unique insights into global debates. 
As the author’s most representative academic monograph, this book not only preserves the author’s long-standing theoretical insights but also incorporates the latest research findings, ensuring its relevance and depth in the field of intellectual property&nbsp;research.

With a distinctive framework composed of “Basic Categories,” “Basic Theories,” and “International Protection,” the book constructs a comprehensive system for the general theory of intellectual property, which offers an academic summary of the most abstract, general, and fundamental issues in the field of intellectual property research.In the section on “Basic Categories,” the analysis centers on rights as the core concept, exploring the definition, nature, characteristics, subjects, objects, utilization, limitations, and protection of intellectual property rights. This section delves into the essential components and attributes of intellectual property rights, legal relationships, operational mechanisms, as well as the scope of protection and the structural framework of the system.&nbsp;The “Basic Theories” section focuses on the intellectual property system itself, examining its historical evolution, theoretical foundations, cultural implications, value objectives, and policy functions. This part critically evaluates the scientific validity, legitimacy, and rationality of the intellectual property system’s construction.&nbsp;The “International Protection” section adopts a global perspective to analyze the origins, development, and transformations of the intellectual property protection system. It also provides a “Chinese perspective” on international intellectual property issues, offering unique insights into global debates.&nbsp;As the fourth edition, this book not only preserves the author’s long-standing theoretical insights but also incorporates the latest research findings, ensuring its relevance and depth in the field of intellectual property studies.

Theorising Intellectual Property Rights from Chinese Perspectives

Learn how to optimize your social media strategy for sustainable, scalable and performance-led business growth.

Social Media Strategy by Julie Atherton is a best-selling guide for senior marketing professionals who need to align social media investment with commercial outcomes and long-term brand value. As digital channels fragment and search behaviour increasingly shifts toward AI-powered tools and social platforms, many organizations struggle to translate activity into consistent results.

This book provides a clear, structured framework for planning, executing and measuring social media strategy in complex, multi-channel environments. It includes new insight into the role of social platforms such as Reddit as discovery engines, the strategic value of brand communities and the evolving skillsets required across modern marketing teams.

You'll learn how to:
- Select and optimize channels across organic, paid and emerging platforms 
- Measure and interpret social media activity into actionable data insights 
- Build and manage diversified influencer and community ecosystems
- Generate brand visibility across social and search platforms, including AI and Reddit
- Acquire and develop skillsets needed across marketing teams

With practical frameworks, downloadable resources and real-world examples, Social Media Strategy gives senior leaders the clarity, confidence and structure needed to maximize social media's contribution to sustainable business growth.

Themes include: social media strategy, digital marketing leadership, AI and social search, influencer management, brand communities, performance measurement

A Practical Guide to Social Media Marketing and Customer Engagement

Social Media Strategy

Perspectives in Law, Business and Innovation

This Open Access book, the first volume in a two-part series on quantum technology governance, provides a systematic examination of the legal and regulatory dimensions of quantum technologies, offering an original contribution to the emerging discourse on quantum governance. It distinguishes itself as one of the first comprehensive analyses to explore how quantum technologies intersect with existing legal frameworks, addressing the implications of quantum advancements for law, policy, and regulatory practice. The work examines how developments in quantum computing, cryptography, and sensing challenge established approaches to intellectual property, cybersecurity regulation, export controls, and public international law, while identifying pathways for adapting and strengthening existing governance structures. It highlights how the non-classical features of quantum technologies stress-test conventional legal doctrines and require interpretive flexibility, anticipatory policymaking, and evidence-based regulatory strategies rather than wholesale reform. Grounded in developments through 2025, the volume equips policymakers with analytical tools to navigate legal uncertainty, balance innovation with risk, and address regulatory gaps in areas such as cybersecurity and export controls, while fostering coordinated responses at national and international levels. The book equips scholars, policymakers, and practitioners with conceptual and practical insights to evaluate the evolving interplay between technological innovation, security, and legal order in the quantum era. With an interdisciplinary perspective, it advances understanding of how legal and regulatory systems can respond to the technical and governance challenges posed by quantum technologies.

Law and Regulation

Quantum Technology Governance I

This book presents a curated overview of the literature that encompasses legal, economic, business, technological, and public policy debates around patented technologies in globally standardized technologies of the future, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, USB and 5G. They are a result of a collaborative process, complex engineering, and sustained R&amp;D investment. These technologies and many more require common global technical standards that make them accessible, interconnected, and interoperable. The patents that are essential to the functioning of these standardized technologies, or standard essential patents (SEPs), are at the front and centre of all industries, governance methods, and interaction of citizens with the market and the state.&nbsp;
The extensive literature review presented in this book helps us understand how patents drive rapid advances in technology and diverse applications in healthcare, wearable devices, automobiles, quantum tech, appliances, finance, defence, energy, computing, advanced research, and several allied areas. It provides an overview of the role of technical standards and how standard development bodies shape technology diffusion. This book maintains a balance between the interests of all crucial stakeholders — innovators &amp; patent holders, developers &amp; implementers of technical standards, licensors &amp; licensees of essential patents, patent offices &amp; regulatory bodies, downstream consumers &amp; end-users, and the scientific community.&nbsp;
This book will help understand the new challenges faced by people, organizations, and the planet in this decade and the way we pivot towards technologies of the future, and the way we blend perspectives from different disciplines and domains. It will ultimately determine how and when innovation in fast-emerging technologies like 6G, Artificial Intelligence, Natural Language Processing, Large Language Models, Quantum Computing, and Internet of Things is realized and deployed for the greater good.&nbsp;

This book presents a curated overview of the literature that encompasses legal, economic, business, technological, and public policy debates around patented technologies in globally standardized technologies of the future, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, USB and 5G. They are a result of a collaborative process, complex engineering, and sustained R&amp;D investment. These technologies and many more require common global technical standards that make them accessible, interconnected, and interoperable. The patents that are essential to the functioning of these standardized technologies, or standard essential patents (SEPs), are at the front and centre of all industries, governance methods, and interaction of citizens with the market and the state.&nbsp;The extensive literature review presented in this book helps us understand how patents drive rapid advances in technology and diverse applications in healthcare, wearable devices, automobiles, quantum tech, appliances, finance, defence, energy, computing, advanced research, and several allied areas. It provides an overview of the role of technical standards and how standard development bodies shape technology diffusion. This book maintains a balance between the interests of all crucial stakeholders — innovators &amp; patent holders, developers &amp; implementers of technical standards, licensors &amp; licensees of essential patents, patent offices &amp; regulatory bodies, downstream consumers &amp; end-users, and the scientific community.&nbsp;This book will help understand the new challenges faced by people, organizations, and the planet in this decade and the way we pivot towards technologies of the future, and the way we blend perspectives from different disciplines and domains. It will ultimately determine how and when innovation in fast-emerging technologies like 6G, Artificial Intelligence, Natural Language Processing, Large Language Models, Quantum Computing, and Internet of Things is realized and deployed for the greater good.&nbsp;

A Curated Overview of Literature

Global Intellectual Property Licensing in Technologies of the Future

Law, Governance and Technology Series

This open access book presents the Unidroit Principles on Digital Assets and Private Law (DAPL) with comprehensive context and expert perspectives. The first part introduces the DAPL framework, its development, and future prospects, featuring contributions on its formation and influence. Key figures, including Professor Hideki Kanda and Professor Steven Weise, discuss major issues and highlights, followed by a Q&amp;A with Professor Edwin Smith on integrating digital assets into the U.S. UCC. The “Right of Control” section includes practical exercises and explores its central role in DAPL’s evolution, concluding with an application to verified carbon credits. The following parts offer detailed reflections on each of the 19 Principles. Each reflection follows a consistent structure: the Principle’s text, commentary, illustrative examples, and explanations, all grounded in official Unidroit&nbsp;documents. The book clarifies the rationale, aims, and drafting process behind each Principle, showing their relevance and alignment with international standards. This resource is invaluable for lawmakers, judges, lawyers, entrepreneurs, and students seeking clear guidance on interpreting and applying the DAPL Principles to digital assets law.
This work was financed within the framework of the Prometeo 2023 project of the Regional Ministry of Innovation, Universities, Science and Digital Society (CIPROM/2022/26) “Present and future of the regulation of cryptoassets in the EU [LegalCripto]”, whose principal investigator is María del Carmen Pastor Sempere. The basic ideas contained herein were presented in the author's paper with the same title, given on November 13, 2024 at the IV International Congress on “Unidroit Principles on Digital Assets and Private Law: Context, Content, Perspectives”, organized also by BAES Research Group of the University of Alicante on November 13 and 14, 2024.

This open access book presents the Unidroit&nbsp;Principles on Digital Assets and Private Law (DAPL) with comprehensive context and expert perspectives. The first part introduces the DAPL framework, its development, and future prospects, featuring contributions on its formation and influence. Key figures, including Professor Hideki Kanda and Professor Steven Weise, discuss major issues and highlights, followed by a Q&amp;A with Professor Edwin Smith on integrating digital assets into the U.S. UCC. The “Right of Control” section includes practical exercises and explores its central role in DAPL’s evolution, concluding with an application to verified carbon credits.
 
 The following parts offer detailed reflections on each of the 19 Principles. Each reflection follows a consistent structure: the Principle’s text, commentary, illustrative examples, and explanations, all grounded in official Unidroit documents. The book clarifies the rationale, aims, and drafting process behind each Principle, showing their relevance and alignment with international standards.
 
 This resource is invaluable for lawmakers, judges, lawyers, entrepreneurs, and students seeking clear guidance on interpreting and applying the DAPL Principles to digital assets law.

Context, Content, Perspectives

UNIDROIT Principles on Digital Assets and Private Law

Die digitale und die grüne Transformation zählen zu den zentralen Triebkräften tiefgreifender gesellschaftlicher Veränderungen. Als sogenannte „Twin Transition“ prägt sie wirtschaftliche Prozesse, staatliches Handeln und individuelle Lebensrealitäten gleichermaßen. Dem (öffentlichen) Recht kommt dabei eine wichtige Steuerungsaufgabe zu, um die Transformationsprozesse legitim, gerecht und dauerhaft tragfähig zu gestalten.&nbsp; Dieser Sammelband widmet sich zum einen der Untersuchung der Zusammenhänge und Wechselwirkungen zwischen diesen beiden Transformationen aus einer rechtswissenschaftlichen Perspektive und stellt dabei die Frage, welche Rolle das Recht in diesem Kontext spielt und wie es die digitale und grüne Transformation nicht nur begleiten, sondern auch aktiv gestalten kann und muss. Dabei wird die Rolle des Verhältnismäßigkeitsgrundsatzes und der Gleichheitsrechte im Kontext des grünen und digitalen Wandels ebenso behandelt, wie die Bedeutung von (ESG-)Daten, Data-Governance, Sustainable Finance oder dem Raumplanungsrecht. Die Analyse insbesondere auch des europäischen Rechtsrahmens fördern sowohl dessen Möglichkeiten als auch Schwachstellen und Reformbedarf de lege ferenda zu Tage.

Digitale Nachhaltigkeit - Nachhaltige Digitalisierung

Juridicum – Schriften zum Medien-, Informations- und Datenrecht

Das Metaversum gilt als die nächste Entwicklungsstufe des Internets. Gleichzeitig wird es die Art und Weise, wie Menschen im digitalen Raum miteinander interagieren, fundmental verändern. Der Autor entwickelt in seiner Arbeit Antworten auf die drängendsten Fragen hinsichtlich des individuellen Persönlichkeitsschutzes im Metaversum. Ausgehend von konkreten Anwendungsszenarien untersucht er, auf welche Art und Weise der rechtliche Persönlichkeitsschutz zwischen Privaten in der avatarbasierten virtuellen Realität Wirkung entfaltet und ob dieses Schutzniveau zur Gewährleistung der freien Persönlichkeitsentfaltung in der virtuellen Welt ausreichend ist.

 &nbsp;Der AutorMichael Kern
 ist Rechtsreferendar am OLG Köln. Er war&nbsp;als Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Lehrstuhl für Bürgerliches Recht, Recht der Datenwirtschaft, des Datenschutzes, der Digitalisierung und der Künstlichen Intelligenz (Prof. Dr. Specht-Riemenschneider) der Universität Bonn tätig.

Das Metaversum gilt als die nächste Entwicklungsstufe des Internets. Gleichzeitig wird es die Art und Weise, wie Menschen im digitalen Raum miteinander interagieren, fundmental verändern. Der Autor entwickelt in seiner Arbeit Antworten auf die drängendsten Fragen hinsichtlich des individuellen Persönlichkeitsschutzes im Metaversum. Ausgehend von konkreten Anwendungsszenarien untersucht er, auf welche Art und Weise der rechtliche Persönlichkeitsschutz zwischen Privaten in der avatarbasierten virtuellen Realität Wirkung entfaltet und ob dieses Schutzniveau zur Gewährleistung der freien Persönlichkeitsentfaltung in der virtuellen Welt ausreichend ist.

Die Wirkung ziviler Persönlichkeitsrechte in avatarbasierten virtuellen Welten

Persönlichkeitsschutz im Metaversum

Smart Mediation – Die Zukunft der Konfliktlösung zeigt auf, wie Streitbeilegung im digitalen Zeitalter gestaltet werden kann.Die digitale Transformation verändert nicht nur Geschäftsprozesse, sondern auch die Art, wie Konflikte gelöst werden. Digitale Tools helfen, Konfliktpotenziale frühzeitig zu erkennen und strukturierte Lösungsansätze zu entwickeln. Der Einsatz von Künstlicher Intelligenz eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten für objektive und transparente Mediationsverfahren. Virtuelle Mediationsräume bieten effiziente und flexible Verhandlungsformen und können die Verständigung zwischen den Beteiligten unterstützen.Das Buch beleuchtet den Einsatz professioneller Konfliktkompetenz in Verbindung mit innovativen Technologien. Ein zentrales Element ist das Konzept des mediativen Projektmanagements, das einen strukturierten Ansatz zur Einführung von Technologien in Justiz, Kanzleien und Organisationen bietet. Durch mediative Methoden lassen sich Spannungen in digitalen Projekten gezielt entschärfen. In Verbindung mit KI-gestützten Konfliktanalysen und digitalen Verhandlungsplattformen können Kommunikationsprozesse verbessert und so gestaltet werden, dass sie gemeinsam getragen werden können.Die Kombination von Recht, Ethik und Technologie schafft nachhaltige Lösungen für Justiz, Wirtschaft und Verwaltung.Das Buch richtet sich an Mediator:innen sowie an Projektverantwortliche und Entscheider:innen, die digitale Innovation und mediative Methoden gezielt in ihre Arbeitsprozesse integrieren möchten. Es bietet fundierte wissenschaftliche Analysen und konkrete Anwendungsmöglichkeiten für eine zukunfts- und menschenorientierte Konfliktlösung.Sonja Ewerdt-Schlaak, Mediatorin, Supervisorin und langjährige (Güte-)Richterin mit Schwerpunkt im IT-Recht, begleitet digitale Transformationsprozesse mit rechtlicher, technologischer und ethischer Expertise. Ihre interdisziplinäre Forschung und ihre Erfahrung aus dem Speakerpool der Europäischen Kommission fließen direkt in dieses Buch ein.

Die Zukunft der Konfliktlösung

Smart Mediation

Free Speech in the Puzzle of Content Regulation

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