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Argumentation Library

Schumann J: The Pragmatics of Straw Man
Fallacies: An Experimental Approach

The Pragmatics of Straw Man Fallacies: An Experimental Approach

Revisiting Medieval Dialectics

Argument Dialectics: The Place of Reasons in Logic

This book presents a comprehensive picture of when the premises of an argument are adequately connected to its conclusion. The author draws upon the familiar Toulmin model, Rescher’s discussion of presumption and burden of proof, and L. Jonathan Cohen’s presentation of the method of relevant variables.The book first assesses the warrant or inference rule connecting the premises to the conclusion. To analyzes this, the author asks a series of questions such as - should the warrant be evaluated by conclusive or defeasible standards? Does the argument require that its premises, if acceptable, guarantee that the conclusion is acceptable also or does it allow the premises just to present a body of relevant evidence? Is the inference rule backed or supported a priori or a posteriori? These distinctions form four categories of warrants: conclusive a priori, defeasible a posteriori, defeasible a priori, and virtually conclusive a posteriori. The warrants in each category are evaluated differently for how strongly the premises support the conclusion of arguments instancing those warrants. After presenting the rationale for this division and discussing our nonprobabilistic approach, the author analyzes the connection adequacy for each of these types of warrants. This book is of interest to scholars of argumentation theory.

Assessing Argument Ground Adequacy

Adequate Connections

This volume comprises a selection of contributions to the theorizing about argumentation that have been presented at the 9th conference of the International Society for the Study of Argumentation (ISSA), held in Amsterdam in July 2018.&nbsp;The&nbsp; chapters included provide a general theoretical perspective on central topics in argumentation theory, such as argument schemes and the fallacies. Some contributions concentrate on the treatment of the concept of conductive argument. Other contributions are dedicated to specific issues such as the justification of questions, the occurrence of mining relations, the role of exclamatives, argumentative abduction, eudaimonistic argumentation and a typology of logical ways to counter an argument. In a number of cases the theoretical problems addressed are related to a specific type of context, such as the burden of proof in philosophical argumentation, the charge of committing a genetic fallacy in strategic manoeuvring in philosophy,the necessity of community argument, and connection adequacy for arguments with institutional warrants.The volume offers a great deal of diversity in its breadth of coverage of argumentation theory and wide geographic representation from North and South America to Europe and China.

A Variety of Contributions to Argumentation Theory

From Argument Schemes to Argumentative Relations in the Wild

This volume focuses on the role language plays at all levels of the argumentation process. It explores the effects that specific linguistic choices may have in the production and the reception of arguments and in doing so, it moves beyond the first, necessary, descriptive stance provided by current literature on the topic. Each chapter provides an original take illuminating one or more of the following three issues: the range of linguistic resources language users draw on as they argue; how cognitive processes of meaning construction may influence argumentative practices; and which discursive devices can be used to fulfil a number of argumentative goals. The volume includes theoretical and empirical or applied stances, providing the reader both with state-of-the-art reflections on the relationship between argumentation and language, and with concrete examples of how this relationship plays out in naturally occurring argumentative practices, such as classroom interaction, and political,parliamentary or journalistic discourse.  This is a very original, timely and welcome contribution to the study of argumentation conducted with the tools of the language sciences. The collection of papers relevantly tackles key linguistic, discursive and cognitive aspects of argumentative practices whose treatment is underrepresented in mainstream argumentation studies by offering new and exciting linguistically-grounded theoretical accounts. As such, the volume testifies both to the vigour of the linguistic current within the discipline and to the high standards of scholarly commitment and quality that the younger generation is pushing forward. Without question, this book marks an important milestone in the relationships between linguistics and argumentation theory.

Argumentation and Language — Linguistic, Cognitive and Discursive Explorations

This book addresses two related questions that have first arisen in Toulmin’s seminal book on the uses of argument. The first question is the one of the relationship between the semantic analysis of modality and the structure of arguments. The second question is the one of the distinctive place, or role, of modality in the fundamental structure of arguments. These two questions concern how modality, as a semantic category, relates to the fundamental structure of arguments. The book addresses modality and argumentation also according to another perspective by looking at how different linguistic modal expressions may be taken as argumentative indicators. It explores the role of modal expressions as argumentative indicators by using the Italian modal system as a case study. At the same time, it uses predictions/forecasts in the business-financial daily press to investigate the relation between modality and the context of argumentation.

A Semantic Investigation of the Role of Modalities in the Structure of Arguments with an Application to Italian Modal Expressions

Modality in Argumentation

The book offers a compact but comprehensive introductory overview of the crucial components of argumentation theory. In presenting this overview, argumentation is consistently approached from a pragma-dialectical perspective by viewing it pragmatically as a goal-directed communicative activity and dialectically as part of a regulated critical exchange aimed at resolving a difference of opinion. As a result, the book also systematically explains how the constitutive parts of the pragma-dialectical theory of argumentation, which are discussed in a number of separate publications, hang together.The following crucial topics are discussed: (1) argumentation theory as a discipline; (2) the meta-theoretical principles of pragma-dialectics; (3) the model of a critical discussion aimed at resolving a difference of opinion; (4) fallacies as violations of a code of conduct for reasonable argumentative discourse; (5) descriptive research of argumentative reality; (6) analysis as theoretically-motivated reconstruction; (7) strategic manoeuvring aimed at combining achieving effectiveness with maintaining reasonableness; (8) the conventionalization of argumentative practices; (9) prototypical argumentative patterns; (10) pragma-dialectics amidst other approaches.Argumentation Theory: A Pragma-Dialectical Perspective&nbsp;is clearly written and makes argumentation theory understandable to all scholars and advanced students interested in argumentation research.

Argumentation Theory: A Pragma-Dialectical Perspective

This book brings together in one place David Hitchcock’s most significant published articles on reasoning and argument. In seven new chapters he updates his thinking in the light of subsequent scholarship. Collectively, the papers articulate a distinctive position in the philosophy of argumentation.
 
 Among other things, the author:•	develops an account of “material consequence” that permits evaluation of 	inferences without problematic postulation of unstated premises.•	updates his recursive definition of argument that accommodates chaining and 	embedding of arguments and allows any type of illocutionary act to be a 	conclusion.&nbsp;•	advances a general theory of relevance.•	provides comprehensive frameworks for evaluating inferences in reasoning by 	analogy, means-end reasoning, and appeals to considerations or criteria.•	argues that none of the forms of arguing ad hominem is a fallacy.•	describes proven methods of teaching critical thinking effectively.

Essays in Informal Logic and on Critical Thinking

On Reasoning and Argument

This book presents reflections on the relationship between narratives and argumentative discourse. It focuses on their functional and structural similarities or dissimilarities, and offers diverse perspectives and conceptual tools for analyzing the narratives’ potential power for justification, explanation and persuasion. Divided into two sections, the first Part, under the title “Narratives as Sources of Knowledge and Argument”, includes five chapters addressing rather general, theoretical and characteristically philosophical issues related to the argumentative analysis and understanding of narratives. We may perceive here how scholars in Argumentation Theory have recently approached certain topics that have a close connection with mainstream discussions in epistemology and the cognitive sciences about the justificatory potential of narratives. The second Part, entitled “Argumentative Narratives in Context”, brings us six more chapters that concentrate on either particular functions played by argumentatively-oriented narratives or particular practices that may benefit from the use of special kinds of narratives. Here the focus is either on the detailed analysis of contextualized examples of narratives with argumentative qualities or on the careful understanding of the particular demands of certain well-defined situated activities, as diverse as scientific theorizing or war policing, that may be satisfied by certain uses of narrative discourse.

Narration as Argument

The present volume assembles a relevant set of studies of argument by analogy, which address this topic in a systematic fashion, either from an essentially theoretical perspective, or from the perspective of it being applied to different fields like politics, linguistics, literature, law, medicine, science in general, and philosophy. All result from original research conducted by their authors for this publication. Thus, broadly speaking, this is an exception which we find worthy of occupying a special place in the sphere of the bibliography on the argument by analogy. In effect, most of the contexts of the publications on this topic focus on specific areas, for example everyday discourse, science or law theory, while underestimating or sometimes even ignoring other interdisciplinary scopes, as is the case of literature, medicine or philosophy. The idiosyncrasy of this volume is that the reader and the researcher may follow the development of different theoretical outlooks on argument by analogy, while measuring the scope of its (greater or lesser) application to the aforementioned areas as a whole.

Systematic Approaches to Argument by Analogy

Dies ist ein Open-Access-Buch.&nbsp;In der Natur, heißt es, befindet sich alles im Kreislauf. Für die Circular Economy und Bioökonomie ist die Kreislauffigur deshalb „das“ Leitmotiv. Ein Teil ihrer Denkschulen orientiert sich an der Natur und will deren Kreisläufe nachahmen. So bedeutend der Kreislaufbegriff für sie aber auch ist, in den zugehörigen Fachgemeinschaften fehlt es bisher an einer Auseinandersetzung damit. Diese Lücke soll das Buch schließen. Es befasst sich damit, was Kreisläufe sind, betrachtet die historische Entwicklung des Denkens in Kreisläufen, unterscheidet verschiedene Kreislaufmodelle und fragt danach, ob die eingangs getroffene Aussage, dass die Natur in Kreisläufen arbeitet, tatsächlich zutrifft. Abschließend erfolgt ein wichtiger Vergleich: Ist das, was mit Blick auf die Natur als Kreislauf bezeichnet wird, dasselbe, wie das, was in der Circular Economy und Bioökonomie so genannt wird?Über die AutorenDr. Thomas Marzi 
 studierte Chemie an der Universität-GH-Duisburg und promovierte dort in Physikalischer Chemie. Er ist seit 30 Jahren beim Fraunhofer-Institut UMSICHT tätig. In den letzten Jahren untersucht er multidisziplinäre Aspekte übergreifender Themen, wie der Circular Economy und Bioökonomie. Er lehrt hierzu an der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (RUB).
 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Manfred Renner
 ist promovierter Maschinenbauingenieur. Er leitet das Fraunhofer-Institut UMSICHT in Oberhausen und ist Inhaber des von ihm gegründeten Lehrstuhls „Responsible Process Engineering“ an der Fakultät für Maschinenbau der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (RUB). Im Rahmen seiner Professur untersucht er seit 2022 die systemische Entwicklung der Circular Economy auf Unternehmens-, regionaler und europäischer Ebene.

Der Kreislauf

Das Weltbild der Circular Economy und Bioökonomie

This open access book presents the results of the project “SysML Workbench for the SPES Methodology” (SpesML), funded by the German Ministry of Education and Research. SpesML is a modeling language that supports the proven SPES methodology by a carefully selected subset of SysML language elements together with a precise semantic interpretation enabling advanced analyses.The book begins with an introduction to the SpesML project in Chapter 1 and the SPES modeling language (SpesML) in Chapter 2. Next, Chapter 3 discusses the introduction of Model-based Systems Engineering (MBSE) in industry and details the challenges faced by industrial practitioners. It also introduces a running example used throughout the book to demonstrate the application and tool implementation of SpesML. Chapter 4 introduces the SPES methodology. Starting with the fundamental principles applied in SPES, it briefly describes the underlying modeling theory and the&nbsp;Universal Interface Model&nbsp;(UIM)concept. Chapter 5 details the subset of language elements of SysML used in SpesML and introduces the concept of expressions as an extension of SysML for formal behavior descriptions. Chapter 6 continues with the realization of the core building blocks in SPES (UIM, viewpoints, granularity layers) through SpesML language elements. Chapter 7 then describes the implementation of a SpesML plugin on top of MagicDraw. Eventually, Chapter 8 introduces three industry case studies, and Chapter 9 concludes with a summary and an outlook.This open access book is written for both researchers in model-based systems engineering and for industry professionals exploiting model-based approaches for systems development. It adds to the development of the SPES methodology described in the three books “Model-Based Engineering of Embedded Systems”, “Advanced Model-Based Engineering of Embedded Systems”, and “Model-Based Engineering of Collaborative Embedded Systems”.

A SysML Workbench for the SPES Methodology

Model-Based Systems Engineering with the SPES Modeling Language

Die Corona-Pandemie hat das Leben aller Menschen in Deutschland fundamental betroffen. Fünf Jahre nach ihrem Ausbruch im März 2020 ziehen die Beiträge dieses Bandes Bilanz darüber, welche Spuren die Pandemie in der Gesellschaft hinterlassen hat. Von der verstärkten Nutzung des Homeoffice über die Herausforderungen für Selbstständige bis hin zu den Veränderungen in der Mitbestimmung: Die Beiträge zeigen, wie sich Arbeitsformen und soziale Ungleichheiten entwickelt haben und welche Lehren daraus gezogen werden können. Themen wie die Krise in der beruflichen Ausbildung, geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitszeitmuster während der Pandemie sowie soziale Ungleichheit und Armut stehen ebenfalls im Fokus. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt liegt auf den gesellschaftspolitischen Auswirkungen der Pandemiemaßnahmen: Sorgen und Belastungen führten bei einigen Bürger:innen zu einer politischen Entfremdung und einer nachhaltigen Stärkung antidemokratischer Kräfte. Gestützt auf Daten aus den WSI-Erhebungen und die fundierten Analysen der Autor:innen wird verdeutlicht, was von Corona bleibt - und wie die Gesellschaft in Zukunft besser auf Krisen reagieren kann.

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Erwerbsarbeit, Sozialstruktur, gesellschaftliche Folgen

Was von Corona übrig bleibt

Beeinflusst die soziale Lage befragter Individuen ihre politische Ideologie? Martin Ulrich erforscht diesen Zusammenhang in seiner quantitativen Analyse. Er konzeptualisiert Ideologien als eine Unterart der von Ludwik Fleck entworfenen Denkstile und entwickelt die POLID-Skala, um Ideologien detailliert zu messen. Mithilfe dieser Skala erhebt er vier Ideologie-Scores (Libertarismus, Konservativismus, Sozialismus, Liberalismus), deren Trade-off die ideologische Haltung der Befragten widerspiegelt. Seine Ergebnisse zeigen eindrücklich, dass politisches Denken tatsächlich durch sozioökonomische Lebensbedingungen geprägt ist. Doch der Zusammenhang geht nicht nur in eine Richtung. Vielmehr bestimmen Ideologien einige Aspekte der sozialen Lage selbst mit.

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode

Eine soziologische Analyse des Zusammenhangs zwischen sozialer Lage und politischer Ideologien

Wie frei sind Gedanken?

SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology

The LINCOLN Project

Lean Innovative Connected Vessels

Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics

Introductory textbooks on algebraic geometry typically demand a strong mathematical background and can be challenging even for advanced students. &nbsp;While many excellent texts aim to bridge the gap to mastering this rich field, learners who are new to abstract algebra—or who have never studied it through a geometric lens—still often find the subject inaccessible. &nbsp;Beginning in Algebraic Geometry achieves a remarkable balance, offering a rigorous and detailed development of algebraic geometry that is nevertheless intended to be readable by students with only a first course in abstract algebra and linear algebra as prerequisites. &nbsp;Starting from the most fundamental properties of polynomials, the reader is guided one step at a time through affine, projective, and quasiprojective algebraic geometry, with complete justifications along the way of such foundational results as the Nullstellensatz and the Theorem on Fiber Dimensions.Several features of this text ensure that it is accessible to the widest possible audience. &nbsp;First, the electronic edition is freely available through Open Access. &nbsp;Furthermore, the authors have skillfully crafted a narrative-driven exposition that reinforces key algebraic concepts (such as quotient rings and modules) and introduces others (such as tensor products and integrality) by developing them within a geometric framework. &nbsp;Well-integrated examples and beautiful illustrations enhance the learning experience, and the writing balances rigor and intuition to maximize readability. &nbsp;Each chapter begins with clearly-stated learning objectives, providing students with a roadmap, and key definitions and results are highlighted for ease of reference. &nbsp;The exercises range from basic to intermediate in difficulty, ensuring sufficient practice without overwhelming the learner. &nbsp;This textbook is suitable for both classroom instruction and independent learners, and it serves as an excellent entry point into the more advanced texts on algebraic geometry.

Beginning in Algebraic Geometry

SpringerBriefs in Business

This open access book offers a structured approach that aligns indicators of social value and provides a stable foundation amidst the dynamic and ever-changing social complexities. From detailed system scales of participation to an overview of how it works, this book presents a roadmap for automating data in systemic alignment with social value. With its adaptability to changing societal structures, it provides a pragmatic solution within existing systems while paving the way for future advancements. It is valuable for researchers and business leaders.

Leveraging Collective Intelligence

Unifying Sustainability Information for Societal Automation

The Palgrave Handbook of Just Green Transitions in the Western Balkans and Beyond

International Political Economy Series

Transnational Activism in North America

Dieses Buch ist Open-Access und bietet viele mathematische Überraschungen. Es gibt viele faszinierende Ergebnisse, die nicht in Lehrbüchern erscheinen, obwohl sie mit guten Kenntnissen der Sekundarschulmathematik zugänglich sind. Dieses Buch stellt eine Auswahl dieser Ergebnisse vor, darunter die mathematische Formalisierung von Origami, Konstruktionen mit Lineal und Zirkel (und anderen Instrumenten), die Fünf- und Sechs-Farben-Theoreme, eine Kostprobe der Ramsey-Theorie und wenig bekannte Theoreme, die durch mathematische Induktion bewiesen werden.

Zu den überraschendsten Theoremen gehören das Mohr-Mascheroni-Theorem, das besagt, dass alle klassischen Konstruktionen die mit Lineal und Zirkel ausgeführt werden können, tatsächlich sogar nur mit einem Zirkel ausgeführt werden können, und das Steinersche Theorem, das besagt, dass ein Lineal allein ausreicht, wenn ein einziger Kreis gegeben ist. Der Höhepunkt des Buches ist eine detaillierte Darstellung des rein algebraischen Beweises von Gauß, dass ein regelmäßiges Heptadekagon (ein regelmäßiges Polygon mit siebzehn Seiten) mit Lineal und Zirkel konstruiert werden kann.

Obwohl die in diesem Buch verwendete Mathematik elementar ist (euklidische und analytische Geometrie, Algebra, Trigonometrie), werden Schüler und Studenten an weiterführenden Schulen und Hochschulen, Lehrer und andere interessierte Leser gerne die Gelegenheit nutzen, sich der Herausforderung zu stellen, diese überraschenden Theoreme zu verstehen.

Mathematische Überraschungen

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

Risk Prevention and Monitoring Methods

3D Research Challenges in Cultural Heritage IV

Seit Jahren finden Debatten um Rassismus und ethnische Diskriminierung in staatlichen Institutionen statt. Die Beschäftigten dieser Behörden nehmen dabei eine Schlüsselrolle ein: Sie üben hoheitliche Aufgaben aus, sorgen für öffentliche Sicherheit, und entscheiden über die Vergabe von Leistungen und Anspruchsrechten gegenüber den Bürgern. Vertreten sie ethnisch diskriminierende Einstellungen, kann dies zu einer Ungleichbehandlung verschiedener Personengruppen führen und Misstrauen in den Staat fördern.
Die Beiträge dieses Bandes stellen Befunde der 'InRa-Beschäftigtenbefragung in Bundesbehörden' vor. Für diese neuartige Studie wurden im Jahr 2023 insgesamt 12.833 Beschäftigte der Bundesagentur für Arbeit, des Zolls, des Bundesamts für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF) und der Bundespolizei online befragt. Die Ergebnisse berichten über Ausmaß und Ursachen ethnisch diskriminierender Einstellungen, Erfahrungen, Praktiken und Entscheidungen, sie analysieren den Einfluss beruflicher Kontakte zu ethnischen Gruppen, die Rolle beruflicher Netzwerke, Aufstiege im öffentlichen Dienst sowie das Meinungsklima über Rassismus in den Behörden.

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode

Ethnisch diskriminierende Einstellungen in Bundesbehörden

Gleichbehandlung auf dem Prüfstand

The Pragmatics of Straw Man Fallacies: An Experimental Approach

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