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Hunter H: The Plain-English Guide to
Economic Sanctions Risk Assessments

The Plain-English Guide to Economic Sanctions Risk Assessments

Since the 1970s, market economics - which is concerned with opening markets for international trade and finance - has been guiding policymaking in many states, with the focus being on giving market actors a free reign in deciding where economic activity takes place. As a result, corporations have been globalizing their supply chains to take advantage of specialization and maximize efficiency, giving rise to a deepening economic interdependence across the globe. Governments and policymakers took a benign view of this deepening interdependence for both economic and political reasons. Economically, interdependence was assumed to foster synergies and economies of scale, maximising gains for states by increasing efficiency within and across their economies. Politically, interdependence was assumed to incentivise cooperation and constrain conflicts between states. Western governments and policymakers, in particular, believed that growing interdependence would encourage states to abandon power politics in favour of cooperation and integration into the liberal world order and global marketplace, benefitting the countries involved proportionally to their participation. However, The Age of Geoeconomics argues that this prevailing view has now been broken. It powerfully explains how market economics is being supplanted by geoeconomics. Geoeconomics refers to the way in which countries use economic tools-trade, investments, financial policies and penalties, such as tariffs and sanctions-to achieve political or strategic goals. Instead of using military power, countries compete and influence each other through economic means. The Age of Geoeconomics skilfully outlines ways in which governments may choose to impose trade restrictions such as tariffs to pressure other governments, invest in infrastructure projects to gain influence, or use control over key resources (like oil or rare minerals) as leverage in international negotiations. This very timely book assesses the re-shaping of the economic world-order following the US election, including an analysis of 'MAGAnomics'.

How the Logic of International Economics and Politics is Changing

The Age of Geoeconomics

Springer Studies in Law & Geoeconomics

This highly topical volume presents pioneering research for the purpose of developing a common analytical foundation and framework for the emerging interdisciplinary research field of investment control. Long considered as exceptional measures, restrictions on inward foreign direct investments (FDI) have become ever more common and accepted. This book presents different perspectives on how decision-makers go about the tasks of assessing risks and threats to national security that may be posed by FDI and then balancing those risks and threats against economic interests of parties concerned and society at large.

Volume I

Weaponising Investments

Thèse de Master de l'année 2024 dans le domaine Droit - Autres, note: 17,50/20, Université de Yaoundé II (Faculty of Laws and Political Sciences), cours: Droit Public Financier, langue: français, résumé: Ce mémoire propose une analyse approfondie du contrôle de l'exécution du budget des collectivités territoriales décentralisées au Cameroun. Il examine les fondements juridiques, les enjeux pratiques et les perspectives d'évolution de cette question en droit de la décentralisation. Destiné aux étudiants, chercheurs, enseignants et praticiens du droit, ce mémoire constitue une ressource rigoureuse, appuyée sur la doctrine, la jurisprudence et les textes à caractère national et régional. 

Le cadre législatif des CTD au Cameroun a été renforcé par la loi no 2019/024 du 24 décembre 2019 portant Code général des collectivités territoriales décentralisées. Cette loi précise les principes de la décentralisation, les compétences transférées aux CTD, ainsi que les mécanismes de l'exécution et du contrôle budgétaire. En complément, la loi no 2009/011 du 10 juillet 2009 portant régime financier des collectivités territoriales décentralisées établit des règles spécifiques concernant l'élaboration, l'exécution et le contrôle de l'exécution du budget des CTD, ainsi que les obligations en matière de transparence et de responsabilité financière. En effet, la question du financement de la décentralisation figure en bonne place dans la loi portant Code général des collectivités territoriales décentralisées. 

C'est encore conformément à l'esprit du principe de l'autonomie financière que se réalise l'exécution des opérations financières des CTD malgré les contrôles susceptibles de s'appliquer. Dès lors, nous avons privilégié la question de l'effectuation du contrôle de l'exécution du budget des CTD en mettant prioritairement en lumière la méthode juridique et accessoirement la méthode sociologique. 

Au bénéfice des considérations qui précèdent, il ressort que le contrôle de l'exécution du budget des CTD est axé sur la régularité et la performance. En effet, la possibilité de sanctions en cas d'irrégularités ou de mauvaise gestion joue un rôle dissuasif important. Elle incite les gestionnaires publics à respecter les règles et à adopter des comportements responsables, sachant qu'ils peuvent être tenus responsables de leurs actes.

Le contrôle de l'exécution du budget des collectivités territoriales décentralisées au Cameroun

The Future of Shipping Law

This book examines how the shipping industry is responding to the commercial challenges caused by geopolitical risk.


 Geopolitical volatility in the modern world is generating physical and economic obstacles that are disrupting shipping activities and causing disputes that raise fundamental questions of commercial law. Studying this phenomenon by exploring common themes among varied dimensions of business disruption, the book first explores physical disruption to shipping activities across the categories of war, unrest, and piracy. It then turns to the purely economic disruption caused by sanctions and alternative forms of statecraft deployed in "trade wars." The book examines each of these categories by highlighting geopolitical and regulatory context, assessing industry adaptations, and analysing cross-jurisdictional case law to gather insight into the contractual rights and responsibilities impacted by these scenarios.


 Assessing solutions-including the development of bespoke contract clauses and the application of broader principles of illegality, impossibility, frustration, and force majeure-the book demonstrates that this rapidly evolving area of international commercial law demands a readiness to borrow analytical approaches across categories of business disruption.


 With industry participants, courts, arbitrators, and scholars in mind, the book provides a contemporary perspective on the geopolitical challenges affecting shipping through a distinctive commercial law lens.

Sanctions, War, and Force Majeure

Geopolitical Disruption in Shipping

Next Generation

As a response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the United States and the European Union have put in place far-reaching and highly coordinated sanctions against Russia. While their sanctions are similar in content, the United States and the European Union differ in their sanctions¿ history as well as in their respective sanctions frameworks, which govern how sanctions are adopted, implemented, and challenged. These frameworks constitute the backbone of the sanctions imposed and shape their effectiveness and impact. They therefore are critical for the United States¿ and the European Union¿s capacity to conduct geopolitics. This article explores the sanctions frameworks of the United States and the European Union from a comparative perspective and investigates their similarities and differences. It argues that the post 2022 sanctions against Russia are in many ways a turning point for the European Union¿s sanction practice, uncovering considerable insufficiencies, but also sparking critical reflection and much needed innovation. It furthermore underscores that a good look at the long-serving United States¿ sanctions framework will pay off for the European Union, when creating the foundation for future sanctions regimes.

The Backbone of Economic Sanctions - Comparing US and EU Sanctions Frameworks

In this book, the author uses an ethnographic approach to examine shame dynamics in residential care for young people in Austria. The study explores shame dynamics in the context of pedagogical responses to violence from the perspective of young males, education-related shaming as a pedagogical sanction of girls by care workers, as well as suicidal behaviour as a cause of shame and guilt among care workers and young people in residential care. Drawing on grounded theory, the findings are theorised with reference to epistemic violence and to the role of shame in pedagogical tasks such as the upbringing of young people.

An Ethnography of Child and Youth Services and Disability Services

Dynamics of Shame in Residential Care

The war in Ukraine is fast approaching its second anniversary since its commencement on 24 February 2022 as a blatant aggression by Russia. As we discuss in detail in this book, there are multiple international legal issues that arise and require addressing. What is more, the very international legal order is under threat, insofar as the fundamental international law obligations are not being complied with and the basic international rules are utterly ignored. This book discusses a number of international law issues arising from the war in Ukraine. It covers not only the traditional subjects of war, such as jus ad bellum, international criminal law, and the law of neutrality, but also the relatively new issues arising from the economic sanctions against Russia, including aspects of the WTO law and international investment law. This book provides the readers with opportunities to reconsider the various legal aspects of the war in Ukraine.

The War in Ukraine and International Law

This book offers a comprehensive legal examination of the proportionality of sanctions for doping in sports. Doping violates the level playing field and the spirit of sport and devastates athletes' health. While punishing those who violate anti-doping rules is essential, the battle against doping should not become a relentless pursuit without redemption. This book offers an innovative look into the proportionality of sanctions for doping, calling for a balanced approach that is both strong and fair. This book examines the World Anti-Doping Code in force from 2027 and changes compared to its predecessors. Some sanctions can be considered proportionate, but some may be excessively harsh. This book delves into the critical areas where punishment might overstep the bounds of proportionality. It analyses cases where sanctions may permanently end athletes' careers or ignore circumstances surrounding their cases. This book answers one important question: Could a more compassionate approach lead to a cleaner and more humane sport? The book proposes modifications to the current system. By aligning sanctions with the goals of clean sport and allowing room for reform, anti-doping organisations can build a fairer sporting world where second chances are not a forbidden dream.

Fair Play, Fair Punishment

Proportionality of Sanctions for Doping in Sport

Darkside
 Economics is a book about a different use of economics - as a weapon to coerce other economies or to defend them from coercion. There is intense interest in economic warfare which is much in the headlines today, but it has a long history of use and abuse.
The weapons covered include sanctions, embargoes, tariffs, technology restrictions, investment policy, financial tools and some other new instruments based on AI and crypto. We look at the history of these practices, explain how they work and estimate their effects, from the point of view of the aggressor, the target or other small countries. This includes strategic games, weapons retaliation, resilience-building, chokepoint mapping and supply chain management.
These tools often have negative economic effects, but they continue to be a central part of both diplomatic and military strategy, and they are happening in the trade wars all around us. Economists, policy-makers, students, the media and the informed public all need to understand them better. The radical ideas and intriguing stories in this short book will help them.

The Art of Economic Warfare

Darkside Economics

Swedish Studies in European Law

Sanctions in the EU Legal Order

This book analyses how technologies have been used by both the military junta and resistance movement in Myanmar's digital coup to control information and the transfer of funds and to pursue accountability. They have been used to pressure and mobilise external actors and the book critically assesses international responses ranging from the United Nations, ASEAN, individual countries, activist groups, donors and international businesses. Contact with the military has been criticised as recognising and legitimising the regime and individual firms have come under pressure to exit. The authors argue that the National Unity Government overestimates the significance of foreign recognition and activists overestimate the influence of international responses on military behaviour. They suggest external actors change from judging and excoriating the responses of the international community and focus on how foreign governments,businesses or organisations can support and strengthen Myanmar society. If change in Myanmar is to come it will be those that have remained, not those that have left, that will bring it about.

How the World Responded

Myanmar's Digital Coup

Law and Philosophy Library

The volume is dedicated to the concept of sanctions and to the reassessment of its interrelation with the concept of law. It does not seem that long ago that "law" and "sanctions" were thought of as necessarily interrelated. "Every Law is a command", we read in Austin’s ‘Province of Jurisprudence Determined’; a particular command, however, in "that the party to whom it is directed is liable to evil from the other, in case he [does not] comply". And "[t]he evil which will probably be incurred in case a command be disobeyed […] is frequently called a sanction". H. L. A. Hart’s critique of Austin’s "command theory of law" successfully drove a wedge into the interrelation of "law and "sanctions"; so successful, in fact, that it caused some scholars to part with the idea of "force" underlying the concept of law altogether and others to emphatically protest what they perceived as a rash move to discard one of the core elements of law. The debate still is on.

Sanctions: An Essential Element of Law?

The Plain-English Guide to Economic Sanctions Risk Assessments

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