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Audrius Razma

Privacy, Government Surveillance, and Business Intelligence. A Comparative Legal Study of the Netherlands and Belgium

Beiträge zum ausländischen und internationalen Privatrecht

Equalization, Limited Rights and Discretionary Protection

Intestate Succession of Unmarried Partners

This volume is the first in-depth collection to explore the impact of language on the field of comparative constitutional law. It addresses the epistemological and conceptual implications of English as the lingua franca. In this regard, it considers the global influence of Anglophone jurisdictions in orienting the discourse through the identification of concepts, designs and ideas that warrant engagement and exploration outside of those origin jurisdictions. In doing so, the book underscores that language is not a neutral device but can produce hegemonic pressures and expectations. It further makes the role of language in conducting comparative constitutional law explicit, so that its users can be more deliberate in their selection of foreign materials and are made conscious of the limitations of their findings due to language barriers. The book calls for a reckoning with the rich constitutional vocabulary that non-Anglophone jurisdictions have to offer to ensure a more holistic approach to the creation of knowledge. It also emphasises the need for the contextualised study of constitutional phenomena to appreciate how these are shaped by linguistic choices. In addition to raising awareness about language's significance as an epistemological, conceptual and methodological device, the volume also puts forward constructive tools and techniques to harness language's potential, making it an indispensable resource for scholars, students, lawmakers and judges.

Questioning Hegemonies

The Language of Comparative Constitutional Law

This book offers the first ever in-depth analysis of the emerging constitutionalism in South Sudan and the challenges it faces. The book critically analyses the constitution-making processes that occurred in South Sudan between 2005 and 2011, finding, among other things, that there was a failure of constitutional discourse, particularly in relation to the 2011 drafting process of the Transitional Constitution. It goes on to analyse how the constitution is being implemented. It finds that, despite the clear division of powers and functions between the national government and the sub-national governments, what has emerged in South Sudan in the post-constitution-making period is a form of coercive centralism where the national government controls much of the political decision-making process. This has had serious implications for democracy, constitutionalism, and the rule of law. Finally, bearing in mind the failure in both how the transitional constitution was made and how it is being implemented, the book undertakes a critical analysis of the proposed process for drafting a new constitution for South Sudan. It identifies serious shortcomings and proposes how these could be addressed to enhance the process.

Challenges and Opportunities

Emerging Constitutionalism in South Sudan

The Rule of Law in Context

This book presents an account of how the rule of law in Thailand has developed through history as well as how it is perceived by different segments of society. It is the first volume on Thailand's rule of law written in English by Thai scholars having first-hand experience in its development in the past three decades. To outsiders, the nature and operation of the rule of law in Thailand expose an array of ambivalences and paradoxes. Despite being one of the first Asian countries to adopt a constitutional democracy, democratisation remains a far-off dream. Though having consistently proclaimed itself to be a staunch advocate of democracy and human rights, the Kingdom has been rife and stifled with military coups, massacres, and pervasive corruption. The story becomes even more complex with regard to the status of its monarchy. Against the practice of royalist coups, the Thai King is however praised as the sinew of rule-of-law development. Between the struggle of a progressive, pro-democracy movement and the royalist-conservative alliance, 'Rule of Law' becomes a buzzword around which both parties contest. In addition to its perplexing image, an attempt to understand Thailand's rule of law is further crippled by language barrier, with neologisms competing for selection - nitirath and nititham.

A Struggle between Dual Visions

The Rule of Law in Thailand

Constitutionalism in Asia

This book presents an in-depth interrogation of the theory and application of the Basic Structure Doctrine in the Federation of Malaysia. The Basic Structure Doctrine, famously introduced in the 1973 Indian Supreme decision of Kesavananda Bharati v State of Kerala AIR - which held that certain core or fundamental features in the Constitution of India could not be amended by Parliament even if it met all procedural requirements - was initially rejected when it was first argued in Malaysia in the 1975 case of Loh Kooi Choon v Government of Malaysia and lay dormant for the next three decades. Judicial winds shifted in 2010 when Malaysia's apex court, the Federal Court, cited Kesavananda with approval in the case of Sivarasa Rasiah v Badan Peguam Malaysia &amp; Anor, and observed that it was 'clear from the way in which the Federal Constitution is constructed that there are certain features that constitute its basic fabric' and that 'any statute (including one amending the Constitution) that offends the basic structure may be struck down as unconstitutional.' In a quick succession of cases, the Federal Court cemented this doctrine in Malaysia's jurisprudence and deployed it to defend the court's judicial power. These widely-publicised cases generated much debate beyond the legal fraternity and judiciary and often polarised different sectors of Malaysian society. This collection of essays responds to this extremely important debate on the limits of constitutional amendments as a form of constitution-making in Malaysia by considering the theory behind the Basic Structure Doctrine and critically examining how it has been harnessed by the Federal Court and by other political actors - most notably Islamists and secularists; and royalists and republicans - on the ground.

Themes and Perspectives

The Basic Structure Doctrine in Malaysia

Studies of the Oxford Institute of European and Comparative Law

Drawing on the experience of recognised experts from across a range of different fields and jurisdictions, this landmark publication tackles default rules in private law in comparative perspective. Often underestimated, but highly influential, default rules are non-mandatory rules that kick in where nothing else has been agreed or provided. The contributions explore default rules from a variety of angles relevant to both scholarship and legal practice, including: · behavioural aspects and the role of platform terms in the digital age; · the remit and operation of defaults in different areas, ranging from contract and commercial law to succession, civil procedure and private international law; · a comparison between Common law and Civilian approaches as well as the EU level; · the perspectives of different 'players' engaged in the generation and application of default rules.

Default Rules in Private Law

This book provides a key point of reference on the translation of tax policy into legislation and other legal norms. There is a great deal of frustration about how this takes place at present. Thousands of hours are spent on fundamental reviews of tax law yet very little seems to change. There are points of systematic resistance to tax law reform. Tax legislation is prone to misjudgements and sometimes even mistakes. Systems of democratic and expert scrutiny leave much to be desired. There are also concerns about undue influence, and bad decisions can create path dependencies that are difficult to escape. These matters are explored in detail in this book by an inspiring cast of established and early-career researchers from various jurisdictions. The authors have entered into dialogues about what it means to translate tax policy into law, who is and who should be responsible, how things work in different legal systems, and whether existing approaches could be improved. The book is accessible to those new to taxation and legislative processes as well as to experts, and is recommended for lawyers and non-lawyers alike.

Legislation and Beyond

Translating Tax Policy into Law

Islamic Law in Context

Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿa and Intergenerational Justice

Governance of Common Resources and Islamic Law

This book explores the foundations of the principle of altruism and its relationship to the criminal law, examining the contrasting justifications for the duty of easy rescue and the duty of tolerance, both of which are based on altruism. Since the days of Lord Macaulay and James FitzJames Stephen, it has been said that English law does not usually punish omissions, and that altruistic duties are incompatible with the spirit of the common law. This book aims to show that this is not an accurate description of English criminal law, and that there is a strong case to be made for the opposite understanding, based on principles advanced by authors such as Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill and others. By analysing the duty of easy rescue - which imposes on individuals a duty to take steps to rescue a person in danger if this can be done without risk to the rescuer, or at least a duty to call the emergency services - and by comparing it with the well-known duties arising in cases of extreme necessity, it can be shown that altruism has plenty to say in different parts of the criminal law. Having established the case for criminalising the failure to provide a simple rescue, a detailed analysis is made of the form that this criminalisation should take, bearing in mind the basic principles of English law and considering the strengths and weaknesses of the duty of easy rescue as it is formulated in various continental systems, including the German, French, Spanish and Italian criminal codes.

Duties of Rescue and Tolerance

Altruism and the Criminal Law

Pandemics, Power, and Parliaments

Asia in Times of Crisis

Landmark Cases

From Van Gend en Loos and Costa v ENEL to Cassis de Dijon and Consten and Grundig, Landmark Cases in EU Law explores the most important and well-known EU law cases in two volumes. These volumes show how the European Court of Justice has played a fundamental role in the construction of the European Union in the past 70 years. Many EU 'landmark' cases have been controversial, yet no-one can deny that they have been essential in defining the Union legal order as we find it today. Volume 2 explores the 'substantive' cases that have shaped the Union's internal market, its competition law as well as its internal and external policies. Each of the twenty cases within this volume is placed in its historical and doctrinal context, and each chapter also presents the history of its reception by the Court and academia.

Substantive Cases

Landmark Cases in EU Law, Volume 2

By exploring the historic development of marriage laws and changing relationship norms in England, Qatar and Australia; the legal treatment of religious-only unions in light of the family law regime in each country, and the impact of non-recognition, this book reveals the complexities of the law reform needed to tackle these issues. This examination of the differing outcomes for couples who live in England/Wales where cohabitants have no legal rights, Australia where cohabitants do benefit from some legal protections, and Qatar, a Muslim majority state with a modern family law regime which ordinarily recognises religious marriages provides a broad canvas for exploring this issue in depth. The book looks at this very complex issue from a range of perspectives including autonomy, cultural transitions and legal pluralism. It examines the issue of religious-only marriages in order to convey the complex and interwoven narrative which signifies how multifaceted law reform must be in order to adequately respond to these transitioning relationship norms in any given jurisdiction. Of course, relationship norms are not static and they continue to evolve. In light of changing norms and practices, the theoretical framework for this book focuses on the concept of 'liminality' or transition, which is being witnessed in the processes and formalities by which Muslims are entering their marriages.

England, Qatar and Australia

Muslim Marriages in Transition

Privacy, Government Surveillance, and Business Intelligence. A Comparative Legal Study of the Netherlands and Belgium

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