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Critical Perspectives in South Asian History

Political Imaginaries in
Twentieth-Century India

Political Imaginaries in Twentieth-Century India

Preface 
1. Political Imaginaries: A programme for Twentieth Century Political History, Manu Goswami and Mrinalini Sinha (New York University, USA and University of Michigan, USA)
Genealogies of the Political 
2.  The Political in Question: Anatomy of a People’s Politics, Mrinalini Sinha (University of Michigan, USA)
3. Mass Satyagraha and the Problem of Collective Power, Karuna Mantena (Columbia University, USA)
4. Conspicuous Communism: Rethinking Early Communism in Late Imperial India, Manu Goswami (New York University, USA)
5. National Wealth or National Poverty? The Politics of Measurement in Late Colonial India, Eleanor Newbigin (SOAS University of London, UK)
6. Law and the Political Imaginary in Mid-Twentieth Century Southern India, Kalyani Ramnath (Princeton University, USA)
7. Remembering the Emergency and the Question of Politics, Mary John (Centre for Women’s Development Studies, Delhi, India)
Recalling Democracy
8. Radicalizing Democracies in India: Three Political Imaginaries, Partha Chatterjee (Columbia University, USA)
9. Institutionalizing Democratic Uncertainties: ‘Election Time’ in the Life of Indian Democracy, Anupama Roy &amp; Ujjwal Kumar Singh (Jawaharlal Nehru University, India)
10. Voting and the Visual: Electoral Symbols, Legal Discourse, &amp; the Sovereign People, David Gilmartin (North Carolina State University, USA)
11. Representations of Electoral Politics: Notes on the Conceptual Power of the ‘Vote Bank’, Satish Deshpande (Delhi University, India)
12. Dispossession and Democracy: The Land Acquisition Act and the Future of India’s Land Wars, Michael Levien (John Hopkins University, USA)
13. Democracy and the Moment of the Political, Aditya Nigam (Centre for Women’s Development Studies, Delhi, India)
Afterword

Belonging and Conflict from the Past to the Present

Hindu, Muslim, and the Dynamics of South Asian Identity

After seventy-five years of independence, the history of Pakistan remains centered on the state, its ideology and the two-nation theory. Towards Peoples' Histories in Pakistan seeks to shift that focus away from histories of an imagined nation, to the history of its peoples. Based on the premise that the historiographical tradition in Pakistan has ignored the existence of people who actually make history, this book brings together historians, anthropologists, sociologists and political scientists to shed light on the diverse histories of the people themselves. Assembling histories of events and peoples missing from grand narratives of national history, the essays in this collection incorporate a diversity of approaches to the past as it opens the possibilities of multiple histories, the archives through which they are registered, and the various temporalities in which they persist. The volume highlights and recuperates the entangled nature of history and memory within Pakistan's social and cultural life. By critically examining both leftist and nationalist thought, Towards People's Histories in Pakistan explores competing visions of what is meant by 'the people', and charts new ground in developing the promise of people's histories both within Pakistan and beyond.

(In)audible Voices, Forgotten Pasts

Towards Peoples' Histories in Pakistan

The essays in this volume explore the myriad ways in which caste (varna and jati) has been theorized and critiqued in multiple philosophical, religious, logical and narrative traditions in India. Spanning ancient, medieval and modern times, and in diverse classical and vernacular languages, the chapters show how the social fact of caste, and imaginations of kinship, community and humanity were historically subject to epistemological, spiritual, and existential debate in both elite and popular circles in India.

Textual Lives of Caste Across the Ages seeks to bridge the interdisciplinary gap between historians and sociologists by focusing on texts that help us think across the sociological and philosophical, the political and the religious, the epistemological and the aesthetic, and indeed, the elite and the popular. The volume also sets up a conversation between scholars specializing in different regions, archives, and historical periods and demonstrates how caste imaginaries have been deeply diverse and contested in India's past. Reconstructing these diverse traditions of social and existential criticism helps us in our contemporary struggles against caste hierarchy and untouchability and enriches our contemporary critical repertoire.

Hierarchy, Humanity and Equality in Indian History

Textual Lives of Caste Across the Ages

This book explores the history and agendas of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) through its activities in South Asia. Focusing on interactions between American 'Y' workers and the local population, representatives of the British colonial state, and a host of international actors, it assesses their impact on the making of modern India. In turn, it shows how the knowledge and experience acquired by the Y in South Asia had a significant impact on US foreign policy, diplomacy and development programs in the region from the mid-1940s.
 
Exploring the 'secular' projects launched by the YMCA such as new forms of sport, philanthropic efforts and educational endeavours, The YMCA in Late Colonial India addresses broader issues about the persistent role of religion in global modernization processes, the accumulation of American soft power in Asia, and the entanglement of American imperialism with other colonial empires. It provides an unusually rich case study to explore how 'global civil society' emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, how it related to the prevailing imperial world order, and how cultural specificities affected the ways in which it unfolded.
 
Offering fresh perspectives on the historical trajectories of America's 'moral empire', Christian internationalism and the history of international organizations more broadly, this book also gives an insight into the history of South Asia during an age of colonial reformism and decolonization. It shows how international actors contributed to the shaping of South Asia's modernity at this crucial point, and left a lasting legacy in the region.

Modernization, Philanthropy and American Soft Power in South Asia

The YMCA in Late Colonial India

This book examines the emergence of professional advertising in western India during the interwar period. It explores the ways in which global manufacturers advanced a 'brand-name capitalism' among the Indian middle class by promoting the sale of global commodities during the 1920s and 1930s, a time when advertising was first introduced in India as a profession and underwent critical transformations.
 
Analysing the cultural strategies, both verbal and visual, used by foreign businesses in their advertisements to capture urban consumers, Haynes argues that the promoters of various commodities crystalized their campaigns around principles of modern conjugality. He also highlights the limitations of brand-name capitalism during this period, examining both its inability to cultivate markets in the countryside or among the urban poor, and its failure to secure middle-class customers. With numerous examples of illustrated advertisements taken from Indian newspapers, the book discusses campaigns for male sex tonics and women's medicines, hot drinks such as Ovaltine and Horlicks, soaps such as Lifebuoy, Lux and Sunlight, cooking mediums such as Dalda and electrical household technologies. By examining the formation of 'brand-name capitalism' and two key structures that accompanied it- the advertising agency and the field of professional advertising- this book sheds new light on the global consumer economy in interwar India, and places developments in South Asia into a larger global history of consumer capitalism.

Advertising and the Making of Modern Conjugality

The Emergence of Brand-Name Capitalism in Late Colonial India

This book connects the history of labour movements with the transformation of workplace relations in South Asia from the late 19th century to the 1930s. Contending that labour conflicts in the Bengal jute industry must be understood against the backdrop of a radical change in the organisation of work in this period, Sailer shows how this led to a rupture in worker's relations in the workplace and beyond. 

Moving away from polarities such as class/culture or modernity/tradition and reconsidering the context around industrial conflicts in this period, Workplace relations in Colonial Bengal offers a new framework to analyse the changing organisation of work in colonial India, and identifies the implications for worker relations both inside and outside the factory. Focusing on a major colonial era industry, this book opens up new perspectives n the history of workers and colonial capitalism in modern India.

The Jute Industry and Indian Labour 1870s-1930s

Workplace Relations in Colonial Bengal

This volume reconsiders India's 20th century though a specific focus on the concepts, conjunctures and currency of its distinct political imaginaries. Spanning the divide between independence and partition, it highlights recent historical debates that have sought to move away from a nation-centred mode of political history to a broader history of politics that considers the complex contexts within which different political imaginaries emerged in 20th century India. 

Representing the first attempt to grasp the shifting modes and meanings of the 'political' in India, this book explores forms of mass protest, radical women's politics, civil rights, democracy, national wealth and mobilization against the indentured-labor system, amongst other themes. In linking 'the political' to shifts in historical temporality, Political Imaginaries in 20th century India extends beyond the interdisciplinary arena of South Asian studies to cognate late colonial and post-colonial formations in the twentieth century and contribute to the 'political turn' in scholarship.

This book explores the aesthetic forms of the political left across the borders of post-colonial, post-partition South Asia. Spanning India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh, the contributors study art, film, literature, poetry and cultural discourse to illuminate the ways in which political commitment has been given aesthetic form and artistic value by artists and by cultural and political activists in postcolonial South Asia. With a focused conceptualization this volume asks: Does the political left in South Asia have a recognizable aesthetic form? And if so, what political effects do left-wing artistic movements and aesthetic artefacts have in shaping movements against inequality and injustice? Reframing political aesthetics within a postcolonial and decolonised framework, the contributors detail the trajectories and transformations of left-wing cultural formations and affiliations and focus on connections and continuities across post-1947/8 India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.

Aesthetics, Networks and Connected Histories

Forms of the Left in Postcolonial South Asia

After seventy-five years of independence, the history of Pakistan remains centered on the state, its ideology and the two-nation theory. Towards Peoples' Histories in Pakistan seeks to shift that focus away from histories of an imagined nation, to the history of its peoples. 

Based on the premise that the historiographical tradition in Pakistan has ignored the existence of people who actually make history, this book brings together historians, anthropologists, sociologists and political scientists to shed light on the diverse histories of the people themselves.

Assembling histories of events and peoples missing from grand narratives of national history, the essays in this collection incorporate a diversity of approaches to the past as it opens the possibilities of multiple histories, the archives through which they are registered, and the various temporalities in which they persist. 

The volume highlights and recuperates the entangled nature of history and memory within Pakistan's social and cultural life. By critically examining both leftist and nationalist thought, Towards People's Histories in Pakistan explores competing visions of what is meant by 'the people', and charts new ground in developing the promise of people's histories both within Pakistan and beyond.

This book examines the emergence of professional advertising in western India during the interwar period. It explores the ways in which global manufacturers advanced a 'brand-name capitalism' among the Indian middle class by promoting the sale of global commodities during the 1920s and 1930s, a time when advertising was first introduced in India as a profession and underwent critical transformations. Analysing the cultural strategies, both verbal and visual, used by foreign businesses in their advertisements to capture urban consumers, Haynes argues that the promoters of various commodities crystalized their campaigns around principles of modern conjugality. He also highlights the limitations of brand-name capitalism during this period, examining both its inability to cultivate markets in the countryside or among the urban poor, and its failure to secure middle-class customers. With numerous examples of illustrated advertisements taken from Indian newspapers, the book discusses campaigns for male sex tonics and women's medicines, hot drinks such as Ovaltine and Horlicks, soaps such as Lifebuoy, Lux and Sunlight, cooking mediums such as Dalda and electrical household technologies. By examining the formation of 'brand-name capitalism' and two key structures that accompanied it- the advertising agency and the field of professional advertising- this book sheds new light on the global consumer economy in interwar India, and places developments in South Asia into a larger global history of consumer capitalism.

This book provides a unique history of modern America told through the story of the U.S. Supreme Court. Recognizing the Court as both a legal and political institution, George Conyne introduces the reader to the principal methods of analysis of both political and legal history. The History of the United States Supreme Court sees the important events in the life of the Supreme Court interpreted in a way that demonstrates and explores its complex role in American life, including both the ways in which it has shaped the United States and how in turn it has been shaped by the nation it serves.

This comprehensive text includes material on the Court's origins, the John Marshall years, the difficulties that arose from US expansion and the Civil War, the rise of corporations, the reform movements, civil liberties concerns, the clash over the New Deal, the civil rights movements, abortion and privacy, and many other key issues in American history. There are clear explanations of differing judicial analysis methodologies throughout as well as useful case studies, a glossary and a further reading list.

A Modern Commentary and Analysis

The History of the United States Supreme Court

Bloomsbury Adaptation Histories

Noted scholar Imelda Whelehan looks at key adaptations released during this period and considers the impact of social change, film consumption and film tastes, as well as noting the most popular genres at this time. The latter part of the 20th century saw cinema becoming increasingly significant as an art-form, even while its status as 'art' was still openly contested. This installment in the Bloomsbury Adaptation Histories series discusses a rich and exciting period of cinema history: Hollywood in the latter stages of its golden age, releasing masterpiece adaptations such as It's A Wonderful Life (1946), The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948), The Third Man (1949), All About Eve (1950), Rear Window (1954), The Night of the Hunter (1955) and Vertigo (1958).

1946-59

Post-war Adaptations

The Death of Stalin

Noted scholar Imelda Whelehan looks at key adaptations released during this period and considers the impact of social change, film consumption and film tastes, as well as noting the most popular genres at this time. The latter part of the 20th century saw cinema becoming increasingly significant as an art-form, even while its status as 'art' was still openly contested. This installment in the Bloomsbury Adaptation Histories series discusses a rich and exciting period of cinema history: Hollywood in the latter stages of its golden age, releasing masterpiece adaptations such as It's A Wonderful Life (1946), The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948), The Third Man (1949), All About Eve (1950), Rear Window (1954), The Night of the Hunter (1955) and Vertigo (1958).

Routledge Studies in the History of Science, Technology and Medicine

A century ago, the greatest pandemic since the Black Death engulfed the world. From spring 1918, a deadly form of influenza rapidly developed and struck hundreds of millions of people. By spring 1919, it had left 50 million dead. This book charts the enduring legacies of that cataclysmic year and tells the story of what happened after 1918. Not only did the pandemic haunt the individual and collective memories of survivors, it became a touchstone for generations tasked with protecting the health of nations and the international community.

One Hundred Years of Pandemic Influenza

The Cultural Revolution in China

Bombard the Headquarters!

The Lost Voices of Pompeii

Black Arms to Hold You Up

Urbanisation in the global South is happening at a rate and scale which is far greater than when the same process unfolded in the north. Many people living under sub-standard conditions do not have their rights as urban citizens recognised and realise that they cannot rely on formal democratic channels or governance structures for their demands to be met. How the state interacts with and is perceived by urban slum dwellers will thus be of central importance for future political and economic development. This book studies the relations between slum dwellers and the state in three cities: Delhi, India; Durban, South Africa and Nairobi, Kenya. Analysing these relations both from the perspective of the state and the perspective of slum dwellers, it focuses on three core state functions - security, welfare, and political participation.

Political Imaginaries in Twentieth-Century India

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