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Critical Perspectives in South Asian History

Fischer-Tiné H: The YMCA in Late
Colonial India

The YMCA in Late Colonial India

Modernization, Philanthropy and American Soft Power in South Asia

List of Illustrations
Acknowledgements

Introduction 
Rationale of the book 
Modernization or Modernity? 
Note on Sources and Literature 
Spatio-chronological frameworks and chapter previews 
 
1. A mission to modernize: colonial administrators, nationalists, and religious bodies in South Asia (1870s-1930s) 
Modernizing missions in late colonial India: actors and agendas 
The Y’s Passage to India: A brief institutional history of the Indian YMCA 
 
2. ‘Make them pure, fit and brotherly!’: The Indian YMCA’s welfare work for railwaymen and soldiers (c. 1904-1945) 
Towards war work: early philanthropic efforts (1890-1914) 
Entertainment, caregiving, and ‘intercultural training’: the association’s service on the home front 
Targeting the sepoy: the YMCA triangle on the battlefields of Europe and the Middle East 
The contradictions of Y-philanthropy: issues of sexual purity and racial hierarchies 
Summing up 
 
3. ‘Physical ministry’: The Indian YMCA’s sport and physical education programmes (c. 1900-1950) 
In quest of strength and manhood: The place of sports and physical culture in British India 
Preparing for the ‘modern strain’: science and physical education in the American YMCA 
Working out India: American physical educators and their programmes 
Somatic orientalism and Indian Eigensinn: limitations and modifications of the YMCA’s ‘democratising fitness’ project 
Summing up
 
4. ‘One fifth of the world’s boyhood’ American ‘boyology’ and the Indian YMCA’s work with early adolescents (c. 1900-1950) 
Contours of the “Boy Problem” in the United States and India 
The development of boys’ work in the Indian YMCA 
‘The field of action’: motives and methods of YMCA boys’ work in South Asia 
Summing up 
 
5. The ‘gospel of rural reconstruction’: the YMCA’s rural development programmes in South Asia (c. 1916-1955) 
Historicizing rural development schemes in India 
A Man with a mission: Duane Spencer Hatch and the Martandam Rural Demonstration Centre (MRDC) 
From southern Travancore to southern Arizona: the regional and global circulation of ‘low modernist’ rural development knowledge 
Summing up 
 
6. Concluding observations: modernization without modernity? 
 
Bibliography

Belonging and Conflict from the Past to the Present

Hindu, Muslim, and the Dynamics of South Asian Identity

After seventy-five years of independence, the history of Pakistan remains centered on the state, its ideology and the two-nation theory. Towards Peoples' Histories in Pakistan seeks to shift that focus away from histories of an imagined nation, to the history of its peoples. Based on the premise that the historiographical tradition in Pakistan has ignored the existence of people who actually make history, this book brings together historians, anthropologists, sociologists and political scientists to shed light on the diverse histories of the people themselves. Assembling histories of events and peoples missing from grand narratives of national history, the essays in this collection incorporate a diversity of approaches to the past as it opens the possibilities of multiple histories, the archives through which they are registered, and the various temporalities in which they persist. The volume highlights and recuperates the entangled nature of history and memory within Pakistan's social and cultural life. By critically examining both leftist and nationalist thought, Towards People's Histories in Pakistan explores competing visions of what is meant by 'the people', and charts new ground in developing the promise of people's histories both within Pakistan and beyond.

(In)audible Voices, Forgotten Pasts

Towards Peoples' Histories in Pakistan

The essays in this volume explore the myriad ways in which caste (varna and jati) has been theorized and critiqued in multiple philosophical, religious, logical and narrative traditions in India. Spanning ancient, medieval and modern times, and in diverse classical and vernacular languages, the chapters show how the social fact of caste, and imaginations of kinship, community and humanity were historically subject to epistemological, spiritual, and existential debate in both elite and popular circles in India.

Textual Lives of Caste Across the Ages seeks to bridge the interdisciplinary gap between historians and sociologists by focusing on texts that help us think across the sociological and philosophical, the political and the religious, the epistemological and the aesthetic, and indeed, the elite and the popular. The volume also sets up a conversation between scholars specializing in different regions, archives, and historical periods and demonstrates how caste imaginaries have been deeply diverse and contested in India's past. Reconstructing these diverse traditions of social and existential criticism helps us in our contemporary struggles against caste hierarchy and untouchability and enriches our contemporary critical repertoire.

Hierarchy, Humanity and Equality in Indian History

Textual Lives of Caste Across the Ages

This book explores the history and agendas of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) through its activities in South Asia. Focusing on interactions between American 'Y' workers and the local population, representatives of the British colonial state, and a host of international actors, it assesses their impact on the making of modern India. In turn, it shows how the knowledge and experience acquired by the Y in South Asia had a significant impact on US foreign policy, diplomacy and development programs in the region from the mid-1940s.
 
Exploring the 'secular' projects launched by the YMCA such as new forms of sport, philanthropic efforts and educational endeavours, The YMCA in Late Colonial India addresses broader issues about the persistent role of religion in global modernization processes, the accumulation of American soft power in Asia, and the entanglement of American imperialism with other colonial empires. It provides an unusually rich case study to explore how 'global civil society' emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, how it related to the prevailing imperial world order, and how cultural specificities affected the ways in which it unfolded.
 
Offering fresh perspectives on the historical trajectories of America's 'moral empire', Christian internationalism and the history of international organizations more broadly, this book also gives an insight into the history of South Asia during an age of colonial reformism and decolonization. It shows how international actors contributed to the shaping of South Asia's modernity at this crucial point, and left a lasting legacy in the region.

This book examines the emergence of professional advertising in western India during the interwar period. It explores the ways in which global manufacturers advanced a 'brand-name capitalism' among the Indian middle class by promoting the sale of global commodities during the 1920s and 1930s, a time when advertising was first introduced in India as a profession and underwent critical transformations.
 
Analysing the cultural strategies, both verbal and visual, used by foreign businesses in their advertisements to capture urban consumers, Haynes argues that the promoters of various commodities crystalized their campaigns around principles of modern conjugality. He also highlights the limitations of brand-name capitalism during this period, examining both its inability to cultivate markets in the countryside or among the urban poor, and its failure to secure middle-class customers. With numerous examples of illustrated advertisements taken from Indian newspapers, the book discusses campaigns for male sex tonics and women's medicines, hot drinks such as Ovaltine and Horlicks, soaps such as Lifebuoy, Lux and Sunlight, cooking mediums such as Dalda and electrical household technologies. By examining the formation of 'brand-name capitalism' and two key structures that accompanied it- the advertising agency and the field of professional advertising- this book sheds new light on the global consumer economy in interwar India, and places developments in South Asia into a larger global history of consumer capitalism.

Advertising and the Making of Modern Conjugality

The Emergence of Brand-Name Capitalism in Late Colonial India

This book connects the history of labour movements with the transformation of workplace relations in South Asia from the late 19th century to the 1930s. Contending that labour conflicts in the Bengal jute industry must be understood against the backdrop of a radical change in the organisation of work in this period, Sailer shows how this led to a rupture in worker's relations in the workplace and beyond. 

Moving away from polarities such as class/culture or modernity/tradition and reconsidering the context around industrial conflicts in this period, Workplace relations in Colonial Bengal offers a new framework to analyse the changing organisation of work in colonial India, and identifies the implications for worker relations both inside and outside the factory. Focusing on a major colonial era industry, this book opens up new perspectives n the history of workers and colonial capitalism in modern India.

The Jute Industry and Indian Labour 1870s-1930s

Workplace Relations in Colonial Bengal

This volume reconsiders India's 20th century though a specific focus on the concepts, conjunctures and currency of its distinct political imaginaries. Spanning the divide between independence and partition, it highlights recent historical debates that have sought to move away from a nation-centred mode of political history to a broader history of politics that considers the complex contexts within which different political imaginaries emerged in 20th century India. 

Representing the first attempt to grasp the shifting modes and meanings of the 'political' in India, this book explores forms of mass protest, radical women's politics, civil rights, democracy, national wealth and mobilization against the indentured-labor system, amongst other themes. In linking 'the political' to shifts in historical temporality, Political Imaginaries in 20th century India extends beyond the interdisciplinary arena of South Asian studies to cognate late colonial and post-colonial formations in the twentieth century and contribute to the 'political turn' in scholarship.

Political Imaginaries in Twentieth-Century India

This book explores the aesthetic forms of the political left across the borders of post-colonial, post-partition South Asia. Spanning India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh, the contributors study art, film, literature, poetry and cultural discourse to illuminate the ways in which political commitment has been given aesthetic form and artistic value by artists and by cultural and political activists in postcolonial South Asia. With a focused conceptualization this volume asks: Does the political left in South Asia have a recognizable aesthetic form? And if so, what political effects do left-wing artistic movements and aesthetic artefacts have in shaping movements against inequality and injustice? Reframing political aesthetics within a postcolonial and decolonised framework, the contributors detail the trajectories and transformations of left-wing cultural formations and affiliations and focus on connections and continuities across post-1947/8 India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.

Aesthetics, Networks and Connected Histories

Forms of the Left in Postcolonial South Asia

After seventy-five years of independence, the history of Pakistan remains centered on the state, its ideology and the two-nation theory. Towards Peoples' Histories in Pakistan seeks to shift that focus away from histories of an imagined nation, to the history of its peoples. 

Based on the premise that the historiographical tradition in Pakistan has ignored the existence of people who actually make history, this book brings together historians, anthropologists, sociologists and political scientists to shed light on the diverse histories of the people themselves.

Assembling histories of events and peoples missing from grand narratives of national history, the essays in this collection incorporate a diversity of approaches to the past as it opens the possibilities of multiple histories, the archives through which they are registered, and the various temporalities in which they persist. 

The volume highlights and recuperates the entangled nature of history and memory within Pakistan's social and cultural life. By critically examining both leftist and nationalist thought, Towards People's Histories in Pakistan explores competing visions of what is meant by 'the people', and charts new ground in developing the promise of people's histories both within Pakistan and beyond.

This book examines the emergence of professional advertising in western India during the interwar period. It explores the ways in which global manufacturers advanced a 'brand-name capitalism' among the Indian middle class by promoting the sale of global commodities during the 1920s and 1930s, a time when advertising was first introduced in India as a profession and underwent critical transformations. Analysing the cultural strategies, both verbal and visual, used by foreign businesses in their advertisements to capture urban consumers, Haynes argues that the promoters of various commodities crystalized their campaigns around principles of modern conjugality. He also highlights the limitations of brand-name capitalism during this period, examining both its inability to cultivate markets in the countryside or among the urban poor, and its failure to secure middle-class customers. With numerous examples of illustrated advertisements taken from Indian newspapers, the book discusses campaigns for male sex tonics and women's medicines, hot drinks such as Ovaltine and Horlicks, soaps such as Lifebuoy, Lux and Sunlight, cooking mediums such as Dalda and electrical household technologies. By examining the formation of 'brand-name capitalism' and two key structures that accompanied it- the advertising agency and the field of professional advertising- this book sheds new light on the global consumer economy in interwar India, and places developments in South Asia into a larger global history of consumer capitalism.

Routledge Monographs in Classical Studies

Together the Dacians and the Getae were the creators of the largest unified power of ancient Europe outside of the Roman Empire, yet each was colonized and integrated into the Roman imperial system differently. Unlike the short-lived but intense Roman experience of the Dacians, the Getae met first Greek colonists, followed by Roman integration in stages over many years. This volume utilizes high-resolution GIS mapping, remote sensing data, and aerial and satellite imagery to demonstrate changes to the landscape and to reconsider human settlement in antiquity. It provides a fresh investigation of the evolution of urbanization and developments in local economy, as well as long-term changes in material culture, social behavior, and identity over more than a thousand years. The Getae offers a realistic appreciation of the character of Roman military occupation and participation of provincial subjects in the Roman imperial system.

Changing Landscapes of Colonization, Imperialism, and Memory

The Getae

Snowlines

A History of Myself

Red, Red Robin

A Caribbean History of Britain

Entangled Lands

A queer scrapbook offers a treasure trove of LGBTIQ+ histories from across Britain and Ireland. Packed with materials, from interviews and newspaper articles to photographs and flyers, the book explores urban, rural and regional queer life since 1945. Commentaries and short essays introduce a changing queer landscape, spotlighting four broad themes: home and family, sex and socialising, arts and culture and politics and activism. The book delves into the meaning and experiences of domesticity and parenting and explores the sometimes unexpected places LGBTIQ+ people met to have fun. It examines the importance of creative work in forming community and identity and shows how people fought injustice and advocated for equal rights. Collecting has been a way for the marginalised to explore and assert identity and community. A queer scrapbook vividly illustrates the diversity of queer and trans lives across the British and Irish isles since the Second World War.

Britain and Ireland Since 1945

A Queer Scrapbook

A Portrait of John Singer Sargent

Beyond Beauty

The prose short story arrived in Bengal in the wake of British colonizers, and Bengali writers quickly made the form their own. By the twentieth century a profusion of literary magazines and journals meant they were being avidly read by millions. Writers responded to this hunger for words with a ferocious energy which reflected the turmoil of their times: these stories covered land wars, famine, the caste system, religious conflict, patriarchy, Partition and the liberation war that saw the emergence of the independent country of Bangladesh. Across these shifting geographical borders, writers also looked inward, evolving new literary styles and stretching the possibilities of social realism, political fiction and intimate domestic tales. A first in English, this anthology gathers together a century's worth of extraordinary stories. From a woman who eats fish in secret to the woes of an ageing local footballer, from the anxieties of a middle-class union rep to a lawyer who stumbles upon a philosopher's stone, this is a collection that celebrates making art of life, in all its difficulty and joy.

The Penguin Book of Bengali Short Stories

A behind-the-scenes look into US efforts to contain North Korea’s nuclear capabilities and why they have not worked &nbsp; For almost four decades, the United States has tried to halt North Korea’s march to build nuclear weapons and the missiles to deliver them. Joel S. Wit, a former State Department official, takes readers to the front lines of nuclear negotiations, to fierce policy debates and secret diplomatic gambits, recounting how perilously close the United States and North Korea have come, on various occasions, to nuclear confrontation. Based on more than three hundred interviews with officials in Washington, Beijing, and Seoul, as well as with the author’s contacts in North Korea, this book chronicles how six American presidents have approached the problem of North Korea. &nbsp; Wit points to Barack Obama and Donald Trump as the two presidents most responsible for the failure to halt the march to nuclear capability, since it was under their successive tenures that North Korea acquired the ability to threaten every city in North America. Wit also offers an unparalleled portrait of Kim Jong Un that refutes his caricature as impulsive and illogical. Like his father and his grandfather, Kim is a ruthless despot, but he is also a canny and informed negotiator determined to secure his dictatorship’s future by exploring diplomacy or, failing that, by building a nuclear arsenal.

The Inside Story of America's Failure to Disarm North Korea

Fallout

Commonly known as Dalits, or Untouchables, Paraiyar Christians are a large socially marginalised group living in India within a dynamic and complex social matrix dominated by the caste system. This book presents a detailed exploration of Paraiyar communities, focusing on their religious and cultural identity and examining their worldview within the dominant 'Hindu' religious worldview. Exploring Dalits' wider social context and boundaries, ascribed and achieved identity, and the use of religious symbolism and ritual, this book highlights various tensions and areas of creativity among Paraiyar Christians and how they negotiate their lives within a hierarchical system. Anderson Jeremiah argues that the category 'religion' is inadequate, and he sheds light on the complexity of religious belief in marginalised indigenous communities. This inter-disciplinary, socio-ethonographic study of Dalit Christian community presents a significant anthropological study of Christianity as it is lived out in the grass roots of a marginalised society.

Dalit Culture, Identity and Theology

Hybrid Christianity

The Extraordinary Story of the Bishnoi, the World’s First Eco-Warriors

My Head For A Tree

The questions posed by disability studies scholarship are increasingly of interest to medieval studies scholars and there have been a wealth of books published on the intersection of these two fields of research over the past two decades. More recently, medieval scholars have developed a framework for considering more specifically medieval ways of thinking about disability, analyzing the medieval conception of the different or 'othered' body and thinking through 'medieval things': such as the responses to injury and resulting impairment in contemporary law, literature, and art; the impaired body as a site for miraculous transformation; the presence of physical and mental difference in different cultural modes than exist in the modern world; and the role of theosophical thought in characterizing difference. This is the first volume to survey this field as a whole, bringing together the most notable scholars in the field alongside up-and-coming academics, to analyse recent studies and to suggest directions for future research. Chapters are organized into four categories that treat broadly the current questions of the field as they apply to each contributor's area of expertise: Articulations of Difference; Critical Perspectives; Traditions of Medieval Thought; and Disability and Material Cultures. Each category is introduced by a leading figure in the field, and the volume is concluded with an Afterword.

The Ashgate Research Companion to Medieval Disability Studies

The war in the Far East from 1939 to 1945, as witnessed first-hand by Scottish soldier and celebrated documentarian Harry BirrellFrom the moment he received a cine-camera at age 10, Harry Birrell devoted his life to documenting the world around him, including his enlistment and his adventures serving in the Burma, Nepal and India. Not only did he capture the war as he saw it, but he kept copious diaries from 1939 to 1945 so that his family would know what he had experienced in the event of his death. These unique record of the campaign are compelling, insightful, funny, charming, moving - all in equal measure. As a soldier posted with the Gurkhas for most of the war, Harry Birrell worked as a surveyor, mapping out the country as the war with the Japanese ebbed and flowed around him. While this might seem like it was away from any action, the job of creating these references for the fighting part of the army was critical and required him to be at the front line in order that the troops and their commanders had the most up to date and accurate maps as the war evolved. As a result, he has an unusual insider overview of that brutal campaign as well as wonderful insight into the Gurkhas under his command.

To War with the Gurkhas: War Diaries

The YMCA in Late Colonial India

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