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Produkt vom BFSG ausgenommen: Hersteller ist Kleinstunternehmen

Leyes

Simón Bolívar

Decreto orgánico de la dictadura de Bolívar

La presente Constitución política de los Estados Unidos de Colombia de 1863 es más conocida como Constitución de Rionegro por haber sido promulgada en dicha localidad el 3 de febrero de 1863. Los Estados Unidos de Colombia fue una república federal que comprendía el territorio de las actuales repúblicas de Colombia y Panamá y parte de Brasil y Perú. Dicha república fue creada por políticos liberales radicales, basada en los modelos constitucionales europeos.
La Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos de Colombia, estuvo en vigor entre 1863 y 1886 cuando fue derogada. Organizó el nuevo país bajo un sistema político federalista y liberal que rigió las dos décadas conocidas como la era del Olimpo Radical.
Entre los delegados a la convención estuvieron Justo Arosemena, Julián Trujillo, José María Rojas Garrido, Domingo Diazgranados, Mamerto García, Antonio Mendoza, Camilo Antonio Echeverri, Juan C. Soto, Nicolás F. Villa, Ramón Santodomingo, Santos Gutiérrez, Santos Acosta, Ezequiel Hurtado, Francisco Javier Zaldúa, Juan A. Uricoechea, Manuel Ancízar, Salvador Camacho Roldán, Foción Soto, Felipe Zapata, Gabriel Vargas Santos, José Hilario López, Eustorgio Salgar y Clímaco Goméz B.

Constitución política de los Estados Unidos de Colombia de 1863

“Truth is always stranger than fiction. . . A stunning, riveting and extraordinary real-life story of life in the shadows." –#1 International Bestselling Author Don WinslowThe gripping true story, that reads like fiction, of&nbsp;how legendary FBI Special Agent Martin Suarez went deep undercover—and lived a double-life for years—to infiltrate Colombia's most insidious drug cartels.Martin Suarez, a legend within the FBI who specialized in Colombian drug cartels, holds the record for the longest time spent continuously undercover. As his alter ego Manny, Martin followed the unspoken rules of the cartels: He knew the right lingo to use, the right whiskey to drink, the right watch to wear, the wrong questions to ask. He smuggled over $1 billion worth of cocaine into the United States for the Medellín Cartel and, as his cover deepened, he graduated to become a high-level money launderer for the North Coast Cartel. He helped wash tens of millions of dollars worth of drug money, ensnaring himself in a high-stakes game of cat and mouse while simultaneously exposing the Black Market Peso Exchange, the most insidious money laundering apparatus in the world that involved billionaire bankers, blue-chip American corporations, and even the President of Colombia himself.Martin was raised by a father who served in the military and valorized the nobility of the FBI, and Martin stopped at nothing to allow his father to live vicariously through his son. He wanted nothing more than to make his father proud—and to be a good husband to his wife, and a loving father to his two young sons. He became a man caught between two worlds—that of an undercover agent who wanted to rid the world of its evils, but also that of a family man who was trying not to lose himself in this dark, brutal underworld that captivated the globe during the War on Drugs.And yet his worlds begin to collide as danger creeps dangerously close to his doorstep when his cover is blown and a cartel-hired sicario comes hunting for him.Inside the Cartel is told with the pulse-racing action of a Hollywood blockbuster.&nbsp;This is the story of Suarez and his time undercover and how maintaining the trust of hardened criminals can start to tear away at even the most principled soldier.

How an Undercover FBI Agent Smuggled Cocaine, Laundered Cash, and Dismantled a Colombian Narco-Empire

Inside the Cartel

How do international students and alumni contribute to development in their countries of origin? Is the development effect greatest when students return to their countries of origin directly after completing their studies and become involved locally there, or can they also support the development of their country of origin if they remain abroad after their studies and contribute their knowledge and capital to the development process of their country of origin via transnational networks? Specifically, this question is examined in this open access publication using the example of the scholarship and alumni work of the Catholic Academic Alien Service (KAAD) in five countries of different developing regions: Georgia, Ghana, Indonesia, Colombia and Palestine.

A Case Study of a German Scholarship Program

Student Migration and Development

Generalidades del Derecho Migratorio en México es una obra fundamental que se sumerge en el complejo mundo del derecho migratorio mexicano. El derecho migratorio abarca todas las normativas legales de carácter público que rigen el movimiento de personas a nivel internacional, ya sean nacionales o extranjeras. Este marco normativo establece las pautas y los procedimientos para controlar la llegada, la permanencia y la salida de individuos de otros países, así como los aspectos vinculados a la emigración, el retorno y la repatriación de los ciudadanos. Este campo legal se encuentra estrechamente ligado a áreas fundamentales como el derecho de asilo, el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos y el derecho internacional humanitario, formando un entramado crucial para la protección y la regulación de la movilidad humana a nivel global. La obra profundiza en cada uno de estos aspectos, desde los antecedentes históricos del derecho migratorio mexicano hasta las regulaciones actuales. Ofrece una valiosa herramienta para cualquier persona interesada en comprender el sistema migratorio mexicano. Más allá de lo legal, destaca la importancia de respetar los derechos fundamentales de todos los individuos, sin importar su origen o condición. Muestra el camino hacia un sistema migratorio que prioriza la dignidad y los derechos humanos de todos los migrantes en México, un país en el centro de la dinámica global de la movilidad humana.

Edith Roque Huerta

Generalidades del derecho migratorio mexicano

A Critical Introduction

Major Cases in Climate Law

La Constitución para la Confederación Granadina de 1858 representa un hito en la historia política de la región que hoy conocemos como Colombia. Redactada y promulgada por el Senado y la Cámara de Representantes de la Nueva Granada, esta Constitución surgió del Acto Legislativo del 10 de febrero de 1858, que reformó y añadió al Artículo 57 de la Constitución previa. El documento establecía la estructura política de la Confederación Granadina, una entidad federal compuesta por los Estados de Antioquia, Bolívar, Boyacá, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Panamá y Santander.
Promulgada bajo la protección de "Dios Omnipotente, Autor y Supremo Legislador del Universo", la Constitución del 22 de mayo de 1858 delineó las bases para una nación soberana, libre e independiente, confederada a perpetuidad bajo el nombre de "Confederación Granadina". Este documento legal fue crucial en definir los límites territoriales de la Confederación, que correspondían a los del Virreinato de Nueva Granada en 1810, y estableció las relaciones fronterizas con Venezuela, Guatemala, Brasil y Ecuador.
La Constitución también definió la ciudadanía en la Confederación Granadina, estableciendo que eran granadinos todos los nacidos en el territorio confederado, los hijos de granadinos nacidos en el extranjero, los naturalizados y aquellos que, aunque no cumplieran con estos criterios, tuvieran las cualidades de granadinos según la Constitución de 1853. Además, se precisó quiénes eran considerados granadinos de nacimiento, incluyendo a los colombianos que habían prestado servicios al gobierno nacional.
Otro aspecto importante de la Constitución era la definición de los derechos y responsabilidades de los ciudadanos. Se estableció que los ciudadanos aptos para votar o ser elegidos para cargos públicos eran los varones granadinos mayores de 21 años, así como los menores de esa edad si estaban o habían estado casados. La ciudadanía podía suspenderse solo en caso de condena criminal o por enajenación mental.
Esta Constitución, aunque reemplazada posteriormente por la Constitución política de los Estados Unidos de Colombia de 1863, fue un paso significativo hacia la consolidación del federalismo en la región y marcó un periodo importante en la evolución constitucional y política de Colombia. Su promulgación fue un reflejo de los cambios sociales y políticos que se estaban produciendo en el país y en la región durante el siglo XIX.

Constitución para la Confederación Granadina de 1858

Es innegable el valor que ha tomado la sociedad de la información y del conocimiento para el progreso de los países en temas de competitividad e innovación (Nonaka y Takeuchi, 1999; Donate y Gaudamillas, 2009); y se ha constituido en preocupación de investigadores, indagar el avance en la gestión del conocimiento y como ha afectado a la innovación.&#13;
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Según Fudenberg, Drew y Tirole (1995) las organizaciones innovan y generan nuevas tecnologías con el fin de generar ventajas competitivas. Para Lazonick &amp; Prencipe (2005) y Malaver y Vargas (2007) la innovación se establece como un proceso de aprendizaje, donde el rol del ser humano determina las capacidades innovadoras, lo que posteriormente se agrega a la dimensión social; y más recientemente De Jong, Chesbrough, Vanhaverbeke &amp; West (2008) así como otros estudiosos del tema, hablan de innovación abierta la cual consiste en unir tanto las ideas internas como externas en los sistemas de innovación con el fin de crear valor (Citado por Velásquez &amp; Salgado, 2018).&#13;
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El referente teórico de la gestión del conocimiento involucra dinámicas organizacionales, el liderazgo, el aprendizaje, las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones (Stankosky, Calabrase y Baldanza, 1999), además de teorías de la organización que permiten entender el origen y desarrollo de este tema de vanguardia; comprendiendo que la gestión del conocimiento enmarca aquellas acciones y herramientas para dirigir un entorno el cual se convoca a contribuir, desarrollar, exteriorizar y fortalecer el conocimiento al interior de las organizaciones (Valero, López &amp; Pirela, 2017).

Sandra Cristina Riascos Erazo

Adriana Aguilera Castro

Madurez de la gestión del conocimiento y su relación con la innovación en Pymes de Colombia

Lady Carolina Bayona Estupiñan

Construyendo el buen vivir: un principio para el desarrollo integral de la reforma rural en Colombia

Sitting alone, overlooking the still and blue lagoon, Ana Magdalena Bach surveys the men of the hotel bar. She is happily married and has no reason to escape the world she has made with her husband and children. And yet, every August, she travels here to the island where her mother is buried, and for one night takes a new lover. Amid sultry days and tropical downpours, lotharios and conmen, Ana journeys further each year into the hinterland of her desire, and the fear that sits quietly at her heart. Constantly surprising and wonderfully sensual, Until August is a profound meditation on freedom, regret, and the mysteries of love, from one of the greatest writers the world has ever known.

Until August

Aus der Reihe: e-fellows.net stipendiaten-wissen

Master's Thesis from the year 2021 in the subject Economics - Case Scenarios, grade: 2, University of Bayreuth (Economics), language: English, abstract: Climate change is one of the world's major challenges to overcome. After the 2015 Paris Agreement, 196 countries around the globe agreed to undertake policy measures for keeping the average rise of global temperature below 2° Celsius by 2050. The main goal of this global governance framework is to help the parties mobilize financial resources and mitigate the effects of climate change. Under the agreement, every country must regularly report its contributions to emission reductions.

The governmental budgets worldwide will not be sufficient to finance the necessary climate change mitigation and adaptation infrastructure projects. On the one hand, there exists a large investment gap in developing countries of around 530 billion United States dollar (USD) that need to be invested by 2030 solely in the energy sector to meet the countries’ sustainable infrastructure needs. Since the urbanization rate is rapidly increasing, especially cities in emerging economies urgently need large amounts of capital. On the other hand, large institutional investors are increasingly introducing Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria in their investment decisions and incorporating ‘green’ mandates in their statutes. One potential instrument to meet policymaker’s and investor’s needs are green bonds (GBs).

Therefore, this research aims to investigate the market barriers for municipal green bonds (MGBs) in Colombia. Since the topic has a niche character, the research method is based on a literature review and three experts’ interviews to add an insightful perspective of market practitioners. The structural barriers identified as obstacles to market development were macroeconomic variables that limit the access to capital markets, political variables such as corruption, conflicts, rivalries between parties and cortoplacismo as well as market skepticism to-wards new financial instruments and ‘green’ topics. Additionally, some specific market barriers of the green bonds market are significantly high transaction costs, lack of technical knowledge, dependence on external market actors, liquidity, and greenwashing risk. The last chapter of this master thesis presents policy recommendations for three key market actors: Colombian municipalities, the central government, and multilateral development banks.

María Torres

A market analysis of the opportunities, requisites, and challenges of the municipal green bonds market in Colombia

Should Colombian Cities Issue Green Bonds?

Sandra Borda Guzmán

La batalla contra las iniciativas de referendo antiaborto

Protegiendo el derecho a decidir

Springer Textbooks in Law

The book, which systematically analyzes private international law rules contained in the Colombian legal system, contributes to the study and knowledge of this legal field, and also has a positive impact on its practical application. In addition, attention is given to the need for a special legislation that not only fits the Colombian reality and takes into consideration the evolution of private international law in Latin America. The book appeals to a worldwide audience. It enables readers to better understand how private law deals with a variety of situations in the Global South. Such situations can be linked to virtually all global phenomena, including at least two: cross-border migration and international trade. Regarding this, Colombia stands out in Latin America because, although it has traditionally been the origin of many migrants, in recent years it has also come to play an important role as a destination and transit country for migrants from different regions. In addition,Colombia’s economic growth has led it to become part of several international trade agreements, for example, with the Andean Community, Venezuela, Mexico, MERCOSUR, Chile, the Northern Triangle, which includes Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras, and also with Canada, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), the United States, the European Union, South Korea, Costa Rica and the Pacific Alliance, of which Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru are members. All this, while resulting in an increase in situations with foreign elements that must be dealt with by national authorities, makes it unavoidable to know the Colombian private international law to know the legal landscape of the region in relation to global issues that currently must be addressed worldwide. Thus, the book is of interest to students in different countries. They find in it a guide to understand the theory and dogmatics of private international law in Latin America and Colombia. The academic relevance of the book is alsoreflected in its usefulness for scholars working in private international law and comparative law. It allows for an in-depth study of the problems that underly private international law in this part of the Global South. It is structured and written in such a way that it can be used as a textbook in undergraduate and graduate courses in subjects such as comparative law, private international law, international contracts, international trade, and international movement of persons and goods.

The book, which systematically analyzes private international law rules contained in the Colombian legal system, contributes to the study and knowledge of this legal field, and also has a positive impact on its practical application. In addition, attention is given to the need for a special legislation that not only fits the Colombian reality and takes into consideration the evolution of private international law in Latin America. The book appeals to a worldwide audience. It enables readers to better understand how private law deals with a variety of situations in the Global South. Such situations can be linked to virtually all global phenomena, including at least two: cross-border migration and international trade. Regarding this, Colombia stands out in Latin America because, although it has traditionally been the origin of many migrants, in recent years it has also come to play an important role as a destination and transit country for migrants from different regions. In addition,Colombia’s economic growth has led it to become part of several international trade agreements, for example, with the Andean Community, Venezuela, Mexico, MERCOSUR, Chile, the Northern Triangle, which includes Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras, and also with Canada, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), the United States, the European Union, South Korea, Costa Rica and the Pacific Alliance, of which Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru are members. All this, while resulting in an increase in situations with foreign elements that must be dealt with by national authorities, makes it unavoidable to know the Colombian private international law to know the legal landscape of the region in relation to global issues that currently must be addressed worldwide. Thus, the book is of interest to students in different countries. They find in it a guide to understand the theory and dogmatics of private international law in Latin America and Colombia. The academic relevance of the book is alsoreflected in its usefulness for scholars working in private international law and comparative law. It allows for an in-depth study of the problems that underly private international law in this part of the Global South. It is structured and written in such a way that it can be used as a textbook in undergraduate and graduate courses in subjects such as comparative law, private international law, international contracts, international trade, and international movement of persons and goods.

A Private International Law for Colombia

Decreto orgánico de la dictadura de Bolívar

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