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Master's Thesis from the year 2021 in the subject Economics - Case Scenarios, grade: 2, University of Bayreuth (Economics), language: English, abstract: Climate change is one of the world's major challenges to overcome. After the 2015 Paris Agreement, 196 countries around the globe agreed to undertake policy measures for keeping the average rise of global temperature below 2° Celsius by 2050. The main goal of this global governance framework is to help the parties mobilize financial resources and mitigate the effects of climate change. Under the agreement, every country must regularly report its contributions to emission reductions.

The governmental budgets worldwide will not be sufficient to finance the necessary climate change mitigation and adaptation infrastructure projects. On the one hand, there exists a large investment gap in developing countries of around 530 billion United States dollar (USD) that need to be invested by 2030 solely in the energy sector to meet the countries’ sustainable infrastructure needs. Since the urbanization rate is rapidly increasing, especially cities in emerging economies urgently need large amounts of capital. On the other hand, large institutional investors are increasingly introducing Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria in their investment decisions and incorporating ‘green’ mandates in their statutes. One potential instrument to meet policymaker’s and investor’s needs are green bonds (GBs).

Therefore, this research aims to investigate the market barriers for municipal green bonds (MGBs) in Colombia. Since the topic has a niche character, the research method is based on a literature review and three experts’ interviews to add an insightful perspective of market practitioners. The structural barriers identified as obstacles to market development were macroeconomic variables that limit the access to capital markets, political variables such as corruption, conflicts, rivalries between parties and cortoplacismo as well as market skepticism to-wards new financial instruments and ‘green’ topics. Additionally, some specific market barriers of the green bonds market are significantly high transaction costs, lack of technical knowledge, dependence on external market actors, liquidity, and greenwashing risk. The last chapter of this master thesis presents policy recommendations for three key market actors: Colombian municipalities, the central government, and multilateral development banks.

María Torres

A market analysis of the opportunities, requisites, and challenges of the municipal green bonds market in Colombia

Should Colombian Cities Issue Green Bonds?

Some constitutional amendments are not really amendments. They are transformative constitutional reforms that reject the essential characteristics of the constitution and destroy its foundations. These constitutional dismemberments demolish the basic structure of the constitution while at the same time building a new foundation rooted in principles contrary to the old. Latin America has been particularly susceptible to constitutional dismemberments. This book draws from law, history, and politics both to demonstrate that Latin American constitutions have been the target of constitutional dismemberment and to explain the social and political forces behind these transformative reforms as well as their consequences. The outstanding contributors to this volume apply the concept of constitutional dismemberment systematically across the region in some of the world's most fascinating jurisdictions for the study of constitutional change: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela. The jurisdictions chosen are among the ones in the region whose constitutions have been most reformed by both proper and improper means. In addition, many of these jurisdictions have been largely neglected in the English language literature on constitutional change. This collection therefore seeks both to remedy this deficiency and, as a consequence, to encourage others to account for them and other little-known constitutions as comparators in their own comparative studies. As such, Comparative Constitutional Reform in Latin America is an invaluable resource for researchers, academics, and policymakers in the areas of constitutional law and politics, legal theory, and public law.

Comparative Constitutional Reform in Latin America

'A stunning global history of West Africa ... with this new tour de force, Green confirms himself as the most innovative historian, writer, and thinker of his generation' Ana Lucia Araujo, author of Humans in Shackles: An Atlantic History of SlaveryA unique, startling book that gives a rich and detailed sense of life in an African port some 360 years ago In 1665 Crispina Peres, the most powerful trader in the West African slave trafficking port of Cacheu, was arrested by the Inquisition. Her enemies had conspired to denounce her for taking treatments prescribed by Senegambian healers: the djabakós. But who was Peres? And why was the Portuguese Inquisition so concerned with policing the faith of a West African woman in today's Guinea-Bissau?In Cacheu Toby Green takes us to the heart of this conundrum, but also into the atmosphere of a very distant time and place. We learn how people in seventeenth-century Cacheu built their houses, what they wore, how they worshipped - and also the work they did, how they had fun, and how they healed themselves from illness.Through this story, the haunting realities of the growing slave trade and the rise of European empires emerge in shocking detail. By the 1650s, the relationship between Europe, West Africa, and the Americas was already an old one, with slaving entrepots, colonies, and military bases interweaving over many generations. But Cacheu also challenged the dynamic. It was globally connected to places ranging from China and India to Brazil and Colombia, and women like Crispina Peres ran the town and challenged the patriarchy of empire.For the first time, through the surviving documents recording Peres's case, we can see what this world was really like. Cacheu is an extraordinary act of historical recovery. It is the story of a seventeenth-century West African woman, but also of the shifting, sophisticated world in which she lived - its beliefs, values and people.

Struggles over Life in a Seventeenth-Century West African Port

The Heretic of Cacheu

The Times best thrillers for April 2026'A propulsive thriller' Irish Independent 'A tense, fast-paced thriller about moral compromise' i PAPER 'Tom Bradby has created a magnificent woman in Dr Laura Strong. [A] powerfully entertaining novel' Literary ReviewLife for Dr Laura Strong shouldn't be this hard. Nights working thankless A&amp;E shifts. A much-loved disabled brother to look after. Loan sharks at her door. She needs a miracle to stop her life collapsing around her.The arrival of South American coffee magnate Rafael Fernandez appears to be the answer to her prayers. A devoted father with a sick son requiring a 24/7 care, he is prepared to pay any price for expertise he can trust.But if something appears to be too good to be true, then it probably is. Behind the façade of Rafa's gilded existence lies a dark family history which he has been doing his best to avoid - until the death of his estranged father brings it crashing back into his - and Laura's - world.What had at first seemed to be a remarkable escape from an impossible situation now threatens to destroy everything Laura cares about. Friendless and far from home, she must rely on her own instincts to find a way out of this terrifying new landscape. Sometimes it's easier to trust the devil you know...

Red Scorpion

Travel Guide

Plan your dream trip to Colombia with this brand-new travel guide from DK Travel Gorgeous Caribbean beaches, nature and wildlife aplenty, and some of the world's best coffee - Colombia makes for an unforgettable trip. If you want to see the very best of Colombia (plus a few surprises), DK's Colombia travel guide is the one for you. Every page is designed to inspire you and make planning easy, with travel ideas, easy-to-follow itineraries and detailed area-by-area chapters so you can experience Colombia your way, whatever you're into. Inside this brand-new Colombia guide book, you'll find: - our expert picks of Colombia's must-see sights and top experiences - photography and illustrations that put you inside the country's hot spots - clear, dependable maps and easy-to-follow walking and driving tours - inspiring itineraries to match your time, interests, and pace - cultural insights that bring Colombia's history and traditions to life - tips on the best places to eat, drink, shop, and stay - detailed area-by-area chapters, covering all parts of Colombia - practical advice: get ready, get around, and stay safe Whether it's your first trip or your fifth, our Colombia travel guide book will help you make every day as memorable as the next.

Plan your dream trip to Colombia with this brand-new travel guide from DK Travel Gorgeous Caribbean beaches, nature and wildlife aplenty, and some of the world's best coffee – Colombia makes for an unforgettable trip. If you want to see the very best of Colombia (plus a few surprises), DK’s Colombia travel guide is the one for you. Every page is designed to inspire you and make planning easy, with travel ideas, easy-to-follow itineraries and detailed area-by-area chapters so you can experience Colombia your way, whatever you’re into. Inside this brand-new Colombia guide book, you’ll find: - our expert picks of Colombia’s must-see sights and top experiences - photography and illustrations that put you inside the country’s hot spots - clear, dependable maps and easy-to-follow walking and driving tours - inspiring itineraries to match your time, interests, and pace - cultural insights that bring Colombia’s history and traditions to life - tips on the best places to eat, drink, shop, and stay - detailed area-by-area chapters, covering all parts of Colombia - practical advice: get ready, get around, and stay safe Whether it’s your first trip or your fifth, our Colombia travel guide book will help you make every day as memorable as the next.

Must-See Sights. Culture & History. Detailed Maps & Tours. Covers Medellín, Bogotá, Cartagena, Cali, & more

DK Colombia

Jurisprudencia

Luis Ricardo Gómez Pinto

El enfoque de las capacidades humanas desde el derecho social a la educación

Educación y capital humano

Lady Carolina Bayona Estupiñan

Construyendo el buen vivir: un principio para el desarrollo integral de la reforma rural en Colombia

Leandro Aliaga

Acompañar para transformar

Coaching deportivo

Pone al alcance de estudiantes de grado, posgrado, profesores y emprendedores conceptos, herramientas y técnicas de desarrollos de innovación abierta. Propone una metodología para ubicar la gestión de un proyecto orientado a la innovación en sus diferentes etapas, aplicable por individuos o corporaciones de cualquier tamaño o influencia económica.

Roberto Osorno Hinojosa

Conceptos, casos y aplicaciones

Innovación abierta

This new, fourth edition of Bradt's Colombia has been thoroughly revised and updated to include all the most recent developments in this emerging South American destination and to bring to the fore the country's fast-developing ecotourism offering. New for this edition is coverage of Yopal and San Jose del Guaviare, Caqueta, Vichada and Guainia, and on the Atlantic coast, Palomino. Also included are details of how to go star-gazing in the lunar landscapes of the Tatacoa desert, learning to wrangle cattle during the Coleo festival in Villavicencio, visiting ancient rock paintings in unexplored Guaviare, where to try the traditional fermented tipple of the original Muisca people, and visiting the rainbow river of Cano Cristales and the untouched wilds and jungles of Chiribiquete National Park. After decades of trouble, Colombia now offers one of the most exciting new travel experiences in South America. The country is home to a staggering 10% of all species found on the planet: pink river dolphins swim in the Amazon near Leticia, jaguar and ocelot slip between the trees in vine-tangled rainforest and birdwatchers rightly marvel in the vast savannah of Los Llanos and beyond. What's more, from vibrant cities such as Bogota, Medellin, Cali and Cartagena to emerging destinations across the country, Colombians will receive you with a smile as if you were one of their own. Still unaccustomed to international visitors, just speaking a little Spanish goes a long way. With Bradt's Colombia, relax in Bogotas fashionable restaurants, discover the colonial backwater of Mompos, a town currently undergoing something of a renaissance with its traditional silver jewellery shops and international jazz festival, and explore the UNESCO Seaflower Biosphere Reserve in the San Andres Archipelago, location of Providencia, the least developed and visited island in all of the Caribbean. For birders, the country boasts an embarrassment of riches, nowhere more so than Los Llanos and the Sierra Nevada mountains in the north.

Colombia travel guide. Expert holiday and travel advice featuring Bogotá cuisine and accommodation, rainforest walks, national parks, culture, whalewatching and birdwatching. Also covers suggested itineraries, Amazon wildlife, archaeological sites, Cartagena, Medellín, Los Llanos, Leticia, San Andrés Archipelago, Vichada and Guaviare and Caqueta.

Colombia

Saray Vanessa Barbosa Salgado

Protección de datos personales en tiempos del big data

Administración profesional de organismos deportivos

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