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Academic Freedom and Authoritarianism

Global Lessons from Hungary

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 09 Animals and Animal Products

A compilation of federal regulations, the CFRs are an authoritative source of government information representing broad subject areas. Title 9 presents regulations governing animal and plant health inspection services, grain inspection, packers and stockyard administration, and food safety and inspection of meat and poultry. Additions and revisions to this section of the code are posted annually by January.

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 09 Animals and Animal Products 1-199, Revised as of January 1, 2026

The book examines the practice of judicial reasoning in Tort law, understood as a process of justification, consisting of both deductive and non-deductive elements, and therefore involving a significant element of choice or discretion. The book divides the elements of judicial reasoning into four conceptual categories: factual assessments, application of legislative and judge-made rules, reliance on reasonableness, and policy considerations. To discuss these elements in a comparative perspective the book uses the English and French judicial traditions of Tort law as case studies. This enables the author to present a range of methods of establishing facts, drawing inferences, using legal sources and relying on policy arguments. By closely examining selected Tort judgments from both jurisdictions, the book elucidates the phenomenon of law-making through adjudication in both a non-codified and a codified system of liability. It offers a reflection on different approaches legal systems may adopt to the importance in the process of judicial justification of such issues as certainty and truth, common sense, consistency with previous judicial decisions and policy.
The book connects the choice of approaches in judicial reasoning in Tort law with its procedural and institutional context.

This book examines the practice of judicial reasoning in Tort law. Drawing on comparative examples from the French judicial tradition, it connects the choice of approaches in judicial reasoning with its procedural and institutional context.

English and French Traditions Compared

Judicial Reasoning in Tort Law

Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice

The contemporary significance of the subject “Social Rights, Inequalities and Affirmative Action” is indisputable. In periods of social polarization, conflict and crisis, it is imperative that the obligation of our societies to protect and promote social rights is addressed and acknowledged. It is also necessary to recognize the way in which social rights are jeopardized by inequalities that impede the cultivation of robust social relationships and to document instances of the implementation of affirmative actions in this scenario. The aims of this work are as follows: firstly, to establish general topics (part I); secondly, to undertake more specific investigations within the primary topic (part II); and thirdly, to address the challenges posed by the technological transition currently taking place in society, which has significant consequences for social rights, (in)equality, and affirmative action (part III). The study is organized into three sections corresponding to these targets. For the purposes of this study, the analysis will commence, in the Part I of this book, at the genesis of the debates, as outlined in the chapter concerning the old and the new forms of racism. This contribution is followed by a chapter on the growing recognition of intersectional discrimination in European and global human rights frameworks and by another on structural discrimination and the function of the law against unjust enrichment. To further explore and expand upon the subjects addressed in the preceding chapters, the final chapter of Part I of this book delves into the topic of affirmative action in the United States. The second part of this work is dedicated primarily to specific forms of affirmative action, thereby deepening the discussion initiated in the first part of this book. The initial topic examines the way in which the pandemic has impacted specific social groups and led to the emergence of health disparities in the UK. The subsequent chapter is devoted to an examination of the alterations in the benefits of minimum income support in Brazil in recent years. The fourth chapter undertakes a detailed investigation of a specific affirmative action program for children and adolescents with the objective of reducing violence in urban areas. The final chapter conducts an analysis of ageing, public policies and inclusion in Brazil. The third and final section is dedicated to an examination of the challenges faced by our technological societies. The field of “Social Rights, Inequalities and Affirmative Action” is set to be impacted by the regulation of artificial intelligence, the increasing digitalization of activities, and the development of new tools designed to enhance the efficiency of the social state. The initial chapter of the concluding section deals with the regulation of artificial intelligence in Brazil and the impacts of neurotechnology. The second study examines conservative digitalization and structural inequalities in Latin American information societies, while the final study focuses on the emergence of the social digital state and the use of instruments that produce inequality and discrimination.

The contemporary significance of the subject “Social Rights, Inequalities and Affirmative Action” is indisputable. In periods of social polarization, conflict and crisis, it is imperative that the obligation of our societies to protect and promote social rights is addressed and acknowledged. It is also necessary to recognize the way in which social rights are jeopardized by inequalities that impede the cultivation of robust social relationships and to document instances of the implementation of affirmative actions in this scenario. The aims of this work are as follows: firstly, to establish general topics (part I); secondly, to undertake more specific investigations within the primary topic (part II); and thirdly, to address the challenges posed by the technological transition currently taking place in society, which has significant consequences for social rights, (in)equality, and affirmative action (part III). The study is organized into three sections corresponding to these targets. For the purposes of this study, the analysis will commence, in the Part I of this book, at the genesis of the debates, as outlined in the chapter concerning the old and the new forms of racism. This contribution is followed by a chapter on the growing recognition of intersectional discrimination in European and global human rights frameworks and by another on structural discrimination and the function of the law against unjust enrichment. To further explore and expand upon the subjects addressed in the preceding chapters, the final chapter of Part I of this book delves into the topic of affirmative action in the United States. The second part of this work is dedicated primarily to specific forms of affirmative action, thereby deepening the discussion initiated in the first part of this book. The initial topic examines the way in which the pandemic has impacted specific social groups and led to the emergence of health disparities in the UK. The subsequent chapter is devoted to an examination of the alterations in the benefits of minimum income support in Brazil in recent years. The fourth chapter undertakes a detailed investigation of a specific affirmative action program for children and adolescents with the objective of reducing violence in urban areas. The final chapter conducts an analysis of ageing, public policies and inclusion in Brazil. The third and final section is dedicated to an examination of the challenges faced by our technological societies. The field of “Social Rights, Inequalities and Affirmative Action” is set to be impacted by the regulation of artificial intelligence, the increasing digitalization of activities, and the development of new tools designed to enhance the efficiency of the social state. The initial chapter of the concluding section deals with the regulation of artificial intelligence in Brazil and the impacts of neurotechnology. The second study examines conservative digitalization and structural inequalities in Latin American information societies, while the final study focuses on the emergence of the social digital state and the use of instruments that produce inequality and discrimination.

Social Rights, Inequalities and Affirmative Action

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 43 Public Lands: Interior

A compilation of federal regulations, the CFRs are an authoritative source of government information representing broad subject areas. Title 43 presents regulations relating to public lands (Bureau of Reclamation), land resource management, minerals management, range management, forest management, recreation programs, technical service (Bureau of Land Management), and administration of special programs (Office of the Secretary of the Interior).

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 43 Public Lands, Interior 1000-End, Revised as of October 1, 2025

Key Ideas in Law

This book provides an account of the most important and controversial aspects of the principle of legality in the United Kingdom. The principle of legality describes a method of statutory interpretation that empowers courts to prevent fundamental common law values from being overridden by unclear legislation. However, it makes more sense to think of multiple principles of legality, rather than a single concept. The book provides a fresh and detailed perspective on a controversial aspect of the common law. It will be useful for students of law and politics, legal practitioners and scholars. It explores the many complexities surrounding the historical origins, fields of application, mode of operation, and subject matter of the principle of legality. Despite its long history, the term 'principle of legality' only began to be used in public law cases towards the end of the twentieth century. More recently, judicial references to the principle of legality in high profile constitutional law cases have fuelled broader concerns about judicial overreach. The book argues that these concerns are unfounded, and deeper principles of legality are required.

Key Ideas in Law: The Principle of Legality

Modern Studies in European Law

This book argues that the European Convention of Human Rights enshrines a right to freedom from violence, obliging states to anticipate and address risks of serious violence in all forms. It shows how that obligation has two elements. Firstly, states must respond to specific threats. Secondly, they must implement systemic measures to address more general risks of violence. It goes on to show how jurisprudence in the field has developed this flexible and comprehensive model, addressing the particular challenges violence presents. This new understanding, expertly set out in this study, provides a coherent framework for considering both existing controversies and future developments.

The ECHR Obligation to Avert Risks of Violence

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 50 Wildlife and Fisheries

Title 50 presents regulations governing the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation and importation of wildlife and plants; wildlife refuges; wildlife research; fisheries conservation areas; fish and wildlife restoration; marine mammals; whaling; fisheries; tuna fisheries; and international fishing. Additions and revisions to this section of the code are posted annually by October. Publication follows within six months.

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 1-16, Revised as of October 1, 2025

Rationales, Forms, and Perspectives

Delisting of Stock Corporations in Europe and Beyond

Americans take it for granted that the states of the union make up an economic common market. But that is the case only because early in the nation's history the Supreme Court ruled that the Commerce Clause of the Constitution establishes a principle--sometimes called the "dormant Commerce Clause" principle--that blocks individual states from cutting off the free flow of cross-border trade. From the 1820s onward the Court has issued hundreds of rulings applying this doctrine to prevent the states from imposing tariff-like taxes, local processing requirements, and other restrictions on the free movement of goods and services across state lines. The result for the nation has been, as Justice Robert Jackson once observed, a "material success that . . . has been the most impressive in the history of commerce." After joining the Court in 1986 Justice Antonin Scalia challenged the dormant Commerce Clause principle as an illegitimate judicial innovation at odds with a proper "originalist" interpretation of the Constitution. This critique, moreover, quickly picked up steam as other prominent jurists and commentators--most notably, Justice Clarence Thomas--gave it their enthusiastic support. Is the originalist challenge to the dormant Commerce Clause rule well-founded? In The Common-Market Constitution, Coenen argues that the answer is no. Like Justice Scalia, Coenen focuses on discovering the original public meaning of the Commerce Clause. According to Coenen, however, the text and history of that clause compel a conclusion that is the direct opposite of the one that Justice Scalia reached. As Coenen demonstrates, a proper originalist assessment of the dormant Commerce Clause principle requires consideration of a sweeping body of text- and history-based evidence that ranges far beyond what critics of that principal rule have focused on in the past. A full and fair appraisal of that evidence, Coenen argues, leaves no doubt that the constitutional rule that the Court has long applied to safeguard the American common market does reflect the original public meaning of the Commerce Clause.

Text, History, and the "Dormant Commerce Clause" Rule

The Common-Market Constitution

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 12 Banks and Banking

Presents regulations governing banking procedures and activities of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Export-Import Bank, Office of Thrift Supervision, Farm Credit Administration, and the National Credit Union Administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 12 Banks and Banking 1026-1099, Revised as of January 1, 2025

This CFR presents regulations governing banking procedures and activities of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Export-Import Bank, Office of Thrift Supervision, Farm Credit Administration, and the National Credit Union Administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 12 Banks and Banking 600-899, Revised as of January 1, 2025

Cornerstone on...

Inquests and inquiries form a distinct area of law in which the aim of the tribunal is to discover what happened, rather than who is right, wrong, or at fault. Cornerstone on Inquests and Inquiries provides an accessible, go-to guide to this area of practice, useful for both practitioners and parties involved. It looks at the field as a whole, acknowledging the commonalities between inquests and public inquiries, and providing a practical approach to each. The book also covers the field of parliamentary inquiries.

Cornerstone on Inquests and Inquiries

Academic Freedom and Authoritarianism

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