In Mechanism Design and International Risk Regulation Institutions, Mike Nwogugu explains that 'Risk Management Institutions' in this context refers not just to organizations, but also to methods, assets/liabilities, mathematical computations, government interventions and regulations that pertain to global risk management. The author suggests that in order to foster economic growth, international risk regulation should transcend the current emphasis on organizations and assets/liabilities because despite international coordination and new laws enacted in various countries during 2007-2012, risk regulation remains highly ineffective in many countries.