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Michal Salamonik

Manufacturing and Debating Coffee Substitutes in Nineteenth-Century Sweden

&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Introduction .- 2. 100+ Substitutes .- 3. Swedish Coffee .- 4. Chicory Coffee .- 5. 'The Good Old Substitutes...' .- 6. Preparation .- 7. Equipment .- 8. Experiments .- 9. Conclusion.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;

Spanning the technological innovations and improvements in balloon technology since its invention in 1783, this book explores the concept of ‘spy ballooning’ throughout multiple conflicts in modern history: the wars following the French revolution, the American Civil War, both World Wars, and the Cold War. The military and intelligence capabilities of balloons have a long and chequered history. From the 1790s, balloons have been used for military reconnaissance. The first bombing run using balloons came in Venice in 1849. Later, balloons were also used for espionage and propaganda. Like their British counterparts who undermined the Central Powers in the First World War, US cold warriors blanketed Eastern Europe with leaflets calling for liberation from communism. Visionaries have frequently recognized the military advantages that balloons can bring. But their cumbersome fragility has also repeatedly led to scepticism, on the part of commanders, as to their benefits. This book is the first to systematically analyse the use of spy balloons for military and intelligence purposes. It demonstrates the versatility and importance, but also the limitations and pitfalls, of this scopic technology, over time and up until the present. The author makes connections between balloon technology during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, touching on more recent events such as the 2023 Chinese spy balloon scare in the USA, and the collapse of Israel’s border defences against Hamas.Mark Fenemore is a Senior Lecturer in Modern European History at Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU), in the UK.&nbsp; He has researched in Germany (Bundesarchiv, Landesarchiv, Stasi archives), Britain, the USA and France (Archives Diplomatiques). After teaching at Galway and Limerick, Mark worked in both German and history departments at Liverpool before arriving at MMU in 2005. In 2000, he was awarded an Isobel Thornley Fellowship at the Institute of Historical Research.

Spanning the technological innovations and improvements in balloon technology since its invention in 1783, this book explores the concept of ‘spy ballooning’ throughout multiple conflicts in modern history: the wars following the French revolution, the American Civil War, both World Wars, and the Cold War. The military and intelligence capabilities of balloons have a long and chequered history. From the 1790s, balloons have been used for military reconnaissance. The first bombing run using balloons came in Venice in 1849. Later, balloons were also used for espionage and propaganda. Like their British counterparts who undermined the Central Powers in the First World War, US cold warriors blanketed Eastern Europe with leaflets calling for liberation from communism. Visionaries have frequently recognized the military advantages that balloons can bring. But their cumbersome fragility has also repeatedly led to scepticism, on the part of commanders, as to their benefits. This book is the first to systematically analyse the use of spy balloons for military and intelligence purposes. It demonstrates the versatility and importance, but also the limitations and pitfalls, of this scopic technology, over time and up until the present. The author makes connections between balloon technology during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, touching on more recent events such as the 2023 Chinese spy balloon scare in the USA, and the collapse of Israel’s border defences against Hamas.

Military Reconnaissance, Espionage, and Propaganda

A History of Spy Ballooning from 1783 to the Present

This book describes the fruit of the establishment of the Yili Khanate by the Mongols in the Asian and European civilization, which is linked by the ancient Silk Road-fine paintings. Persian painters combine the techniques of Chinese painting with their own unique artistic views to enrich fine paintings according to their own taste and interests. By analyzing the illustration styles and techniques in the Collection of History and the Chronicles of Kings, this book describes the influence of Chinese book prints on the fine painting of Iranian manuscripts.Nasrin Dastan, Ph.D. History of Chinese Arts (Han &amp;Tang dynasty) Central Academy of Fine Arts.Now she is Assistant Professor &amp; Head of Oriental Arts Department in Institute of Arts Studies &amp;Academic Research (IASAR)Iranian Academy of Art.The published works are Chinese Elements in Persian Paintings,Art of Dunhuang Caves and Artistic relation through the Silk road,etc.

Chinese Elements in Persian Paintings

Gemälde, Grafiken, Skulpturen, Textilien und Möbel - Johannes Itten war ein außergewöhnlich vielseitiger Künstler, der während seiner sechs Jahrzehnte dauernden Schaffenszeit auch eine der bedeutendsten Farbenlehren des 20. Jahrhunderts hervorbrachte. Sein künstlerisches Werk wird erstmals wissenschaftlich auf der Basis von 120 000 biografischen Dokumenten und Quellen erschlossen und gegenüber dem Werkverzeichnis von 1972 um mehr als 1000 Werke aus allen Schaffensperioden erweitert. Das dreibändige Werkverzeichnis gibt mit aktuellster Provenienzforschung, Ausstellungs- und Literaturverzeichnis erstmals einen vollständigen Überblick über den künstlerischen Kosmos von Johannes Itten. Christoph Wagner lehrt als Professor für Kunstgeschichte an der Universität Regensburg. Mit seinen Forschungen zum Bauhaus und zur Kunst der Moderne ist er international hervorgetreten. Er ist gewähltes Mitglied der Academia Europaea (London).

Catalogue raisonné Vol.III. Documents and Sources on the Biography. Graphic Work, Sculpture, Tapestries, Furniture. 1888-1967

Johannes Itten

Britain and the World

During the long nineteenth century, British women reframed the masculine paradigm of the Grand Tour. They created a feminist travel gaze, intentionally or unintentionally, that differed from that of male peers. Unlike their brothers, who went for personal edification, women with means left their English homes for the great Italian cities of Florence, Naples, and Rome to escape personal disappointments and the social limitations imposed by parents, spouses, and society. The anonymity of travel to a distant land and new freedoms fostered political and creative achievements, including entrepreneurial journalism, literary masterpieces, and social advocacy for their gender, which redefined the contours of the Anglo-Italian cultural landscape. The historical evidence presented here testifies to the life-changing capacity of travel and firmly demonstrates how British women’s history and literature enriches and broadens narratives about Britain and the World.Marilyn D. Button&nbsp;is a Professor of English at Lincoln University of Pennsylvania in the USA. She is co-editor of two books: The Foreign Woman in British Literature: Exotics, Aliens, and Outsiders (1999) and The Victorian Case for Charity: Essays on Responses to English Poverty by the State, the Church and the Literati&nbsp;(2013).Jessica A. Sheetz-Nguyen is an Emerita Professor of History at the University of Central Oklahoma and an Adjunct Professor of History at the University of Maryland Global Campus in the USA. She is the author of Victorian Women: Unwed Mothers and the London Foundling Hospital (2012) and co-editor of The Victorian Case for Charity: Essays on Responses to English Poverty by the State, the Church, and the Literati (2013).&nbsp;

During the long nineteenth century, British women reframed the masculine paradigm of the Grand Tour. They created a feminist travel gaze, intentionally or unintentionally, that differed from that of male peers. Unlike their brothers, who went for personal edification, women with means left their English homes for the great Italian cities of Florence, Naples, and Rome to escape personal disappointments and the social limitations imposed by parents, spouses, and society. The anonymity of travel to a distant land and new freedoms fostered political and creative achievements, including entrepreneurial journalism, literary masterpieces, and social advocacy for their gender, which redefined the contours of the Anglo-Italian cultural landscape. The historical evidence presented here testifies to the life-changing capacity of travel and firmly demonstrates how British women’s history and literature enriches and broadens narratives about Britain and the World.&nbsp;

With Italy as Their Muse

British Women Travellers in the Long Nineteenth Century

Genders and Sexualities in History

This book reorients our understanding of the history of modern male homosexuality by focusing on Europe's 'internal Other': Italy. Spanning from the tail-end of the Grand Tour to the mid-fascist years, it argues that Italy was a time/space in which competing epistemologies of homosexuality confronted one another – precisely what characterizes 'modern' male same-sex love and attraction. Turning our understanding of the history of male homosexuality on its head, it proposes that Italy was not primitive, pre-modern, or under-developed but modern in a way that Europe and the US were not. It also highlights the frequently overlooked role working-class men and boys played in the so-called invention of modern male homosexuality. The new scientific epistemologies of sexuality; a pan-European Hellenic revival; a tradition of fostering male same-sex intimacies that cut across age, class, and nationality; Italy's lack of anti-sodomy legislation and specific place in the capitalist world system, including the late entry of bourgeois women into its public sphere; changing understandings of sexuality and gender that resulted from industrialization -- all combined to produce a same-sex sex tourism industry that juxtaposed competing understandings of male same-sex love. These epistemologies were inflected in complex and contradictory ways by issues of gender, class, ethnicity, locality, age and race, such differences not simply 'intersecting' but being constituted alongside one another – particularly given Italy’s ambiguous racial identity, somewhere 'between' the binaries of black and white. Adopting a queer Marxist approach that focuses on both capitalism's long durée and its combined and uneven development, rather than center a history of modern homosexuality on the white bourgeois men who visited Italy, this book seeks to glimpse the lives of their Italian lovers. To this end, it adopts an interdisciplinary approach that examines a wide archive including not only works of literature by privileged white bourgeois traveling gentlemen but also Italian sexology; same-sex sex scandals and their treatment in the Italian press; anthropological work on Italian homosexualities; travel diaries; and police records.John Champagne is Professor Emeritus at Penn State Erie, the Behrend College, USA.

This book reorients our understanding of the history of modern male homosexuality by focusing on Europe's 'internal Other': Italy. Spanning from the tail-end of the Grand Tour to the mid-fascist years, it argues that Italy was a time/space in which competing epistemologies of homosexuality confronted one another – precisely what characterizes 'modern' male same-sex love and attraction. Turning our understanding of the history of male homosexuality on its head, it proposes that Italy was not primitive, pre-modern, or under-developed but modern in a way that Europe and the US were not. It also highlights the frequently overlooked role working-class men and boys played in the so-called invention of modern male homosexuality. The new scientific epistemologies of sexuality; a pan-European Hellenic revival; a tradition of fostering male same-sex intimacies that cut across age, class, and nationality; Italy's lack of anti-sodomy legislation and specific place in the capitalist world system, including the late entry of bourgeois women into its public sphere; changing understandings of sexuality and gender that resulted from industrialization -- all combined to produce a same-sex sex tourism industry that juxtaposed competing understandings of male same-sex love. These epistemologies were inflected in complex and contradictory ways by issues of gender, class, ethnicity, locality, age and race, such differences not simply 'intersecting' but being constituted alongside one another – particularly given Italy’s ambiguous racial identity, somewhere 'between' the binaries of black and white. Adopting a queer Marxist approach that focuses on both capitalism's long durée and its combined and uneven development, rather than center a history of modern homosexuality on the white bourgeois men who visited Italy, this book seeks to glimpse the lives of their Italian lovers. To this end, it adopts an interdisciplinary approach that examines a wide archive including not only works of literature by privileged white bourgeois traveling gentlemen but also Italian sexology; same-sex sex scandals and their treatment in the Italian press; anthropological work on Italian homosexualities; travel diaries; and police records.

The Italian Vice, Italy and the Invention of Modern Male Homosexuality

Lettre

Otfried Preußler (1923-2013) wurde im nordböhmischen Reichenberg/Liberec geboren, einer Stadt, deren Region seit jeher von der fruchtbaren, aber auch konfliktreichen Nachbarschaft deutsch- und tschechischsprachiger Kulturen geprägt ist. Preußlers Leben, sein Werk und dessen Rezeption spiegeln diesen Kontext auf vielfältige Weise wider. Die Beiträger*innen widmen sich seinem familiären Hintergrund, seiner Jugendzeit in Reichenberg und seinen Verlags-, Übersetzungs- und Redaktionsnetzwerken jenseits des Eisernen Vorhangs. Sie analysieren die interkulturellen Kontexte seines Schaffens in Bayern, Böhmen, Schlesien und der Lausitz sowie die mediale Verarbeitung seiner Bücher in Hörspiel und Film.

Mediale und transkulturelle Kontexte in Leben und Werk Otfried Preußlers

Zu Hause in vielen Welten

This group biography follows the four Ashurst sisters, contemporaries of Queen Victoria, who rebelled against the limitations of their era to become influential activists. Raised by progressive parents in a London household with few boundaries between private life and public engagement, Eliza, Caroline, Matilda, and Emilie Ashurst built sophisticated transnational networks advancing anti-slavery, Italian unification, and women's rights across Britain, Europe, and America. Through strategic marriages, literary production, and connections with revolutionaries like Giuseppe Mazzini, the family nurtured others to campaign for change. Spanning three generations (1791-1933), this book illuminates the understudied role of kinship in nineteenth-century reform movements. The Ashurst Sisters demonstrates how middle-class Victorian women could shape international culture and political discourse through strategic networking and persistent activism. Despite their formal exclusion from power, they found new ways to influence society through translating innovative texts, fundraising for causes, and publishing calls for change.Allison Scardino Belzer is Professor of History at Georgia Southern University, USA, specializing in modern Italy and Britain. She published Women and the Great War: Femininity under Fire in Italy with Palgrave Macmillan in 2010.

Nurturing Rebellion Across the Nineteenth Century

The Ashurst Sisters

Jilin University Archaeological Research

This open access book mainly focuses on Northeast China, which historically included Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province, Liaoning Province, and the eastern part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. This area borders Mongolia to the west, the ocean to the south, the Korean Peninsula to the east by the Yalu River and the Tumen River, and Russia to the north by the Heilongjiang River and Ussuri River. In Northeast China, the period from the Xia to the Warring States was an important cultural stage between the Neolithic Age and the (Qin) Han and Wei dynasties. Since 1921, a wealth of archaeological data of this period has been gained through investigations and excavations by scholars from China and abroad. This treasure trove of data covers a considerable timespan and broad geographic area. Accordingly, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive analysis to distill valuable archaeological insights from materials unearthed throughout the Northeast.
This book breaks down the chronological coordinates of archaeological cultures during the Xia and Warring States period into seven natural geographic regions, namely the Nenjiang River basin in the Northeast; the mountainous area of Liaoxi; the Liaoxi Plain; southern Liaodong; northern Liaodong; the Second Songhua River basin; and the Tumen River basin. Further, it pursues a multi-dimensional approach: grouping individual sites and cemeteries, categorizing multiple sites and cemetery groups, and identifying the period division and chronological sequence of the archaeological cultures. Based on a comparison and integrated studies of these seven coordinates, we identify four archaeological periods: the Xia-Shang period, the late Shang period, the Western Zhou to Spring and Autumn period, and the Warring States period.p&gt;

This open access book mainly focuses on Northeast China, which historically included Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province, Liaoning Province, and the eastern part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. This area borders Mongolia to the west, the ocean to the south, the Korean Peninsula to the east by the Yalu River and the Tumen River, and Russia to the north by the Heilongjiang River and Ussuri River. In Northeast China, the period from the Xia to the Warring States was an important cultural stage between the Neolithic Age and the (Qin) Han and Wei dynasties. Since 1921, a wealth of archaeological data of this period has been gained through investigations and excavations by scholars from China and abroad. This treasure trove of data covers a considerable timespan and broad geographic area. Accordingly, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive analysis to distill valuable archaeological insights from materials unearthed throughout the Northeast.This book breaks down the chronological coordinates of archaeological cultures during the Xia and Warring States period into seven natural geographic regions, namely the Nenjiang River basin in the Northeast; the mountainous area of Liaoxi; the Liaoxi Plain; southern Liaodong; northern Liaodong; the Second Songhua River basin; and the Tumen River basin. Further, it pursues a multi-dimensional approach: grouping individual sites and cemeteries, categorizing multiple sites and cemetery groups, and identifying the period division and chronological sequence of the archaeological cultures. Based on a comparison and integrated studies of these seven coordinates, we identify four archaeological periods: the Xia-Shang period, the late Shang period, the Western Zhou to Spring and Autumn period, and the Warring States period.

Archaeological Research on Cultures in Northeast China from the Xia to the Warring States Period

The Urban Book Series

Sacred Heritage and Pilgrimages in Cities

Image

The work of Agnes Martin has frequently been associated with East Asian philosophies. Particularly highlighting the oeuvre of this US artist, Mona Schieren presents comprehensive research on the influence of Asianist aesthetics in post-1945 American art. More than just historical analysis, her study opens an entirely new perspective on Martin’s appropriation of Asianisms by focusing on transcultural translation and redefining Martin’s work beyond Abstract Expressionism and Minimalism. This offers new viewpoints on the aesthetic, philosophical, and visual relationships in American postwar art and takes a nuanced approach that moves beyond generalized notions of “Zen” in the US art world. Schieren’s exploration of the intentional and specific uses of Asianist aesthetics profoundly contributes to insights in international art histories and cultural translations.

Manufacturing and Debating Coffee Substitutes in Nineteenth-Century Sweden

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