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Ciupa K: The Political Economy of Oil in
Venezuela

The Political Economy of Oil in Venezuela

Class Conflict, the State, and the World Market

Acknowledgements 
Abbreviations 
 
Introduction: The New Left and Venezuelan Oil Development 
 1 Neoliberalism 
 2 The New Latin American Left 
 3 Neoliberal Reform and the Caracazo in Venezuela 
 4 The Bolivarian Revolution and Twenty-First Century Socialism 
 5 Structure of the Book 
 
1 Rentier Accumulation and State and Class Formation 
 1 Theorising Oil-Exporting Countries 
 2 Marxian Theory of Rent 
 3 International Oil Rents and Pricing 
 4 The Capitalist State 
 5 Class Relations 
 6 Conclusion 
 
2 The History of Venezuelan Oil Development 
 1 1800–1907: Pre-Oil Venezuela and the Advent of the Global Oil Industry 
 2 1908–1957: The Birth of the Venezuelan Oil Industry 
 3 1958–1982: The Pact of Punto Fijo and Oil Nationalisation 
 4 1983–1998: Neoliberalism and the Internationalisation of the Oil Industry 
 5 Conclusion 
 
3 The New Left and the Bolivarian Revolution from 1999 to 2016 
 1 The Trajectory of the New Latin American Left 
 2 1999–2000: The New Constitution and Moderate Reform 
 3 2001–2004: Anti-Neoliberalism and Oil Reform 
 4 2005–2008: Twenty-First Century Socialism and Social Welfare Reform 
 5 2009–2016: Crisis and Declining Oil Revenues 
 6 Conclusion 
 
4 Rent Collection and Distribution under the Bolivarian Government 
 1 Reform and Rent Capture 
 2 Rent Distribution Mechanisms 
 3 Conclusion 
 
5 Oil, Class Conflict, and the Limitations of the Venezuelan State 
 1 International Oil Relations and the Limits of Venezuelan Oil Development 
 2 The Venezuelan Capitalist and Landlord State 
 3 Class Politics and the Bolivarian Project 
 4 Politicising Rent 
 5 Conclusion 
 
6 Conclusion 
 1 Neoclassical Economics and the Dutch Disease 
 2 Institutionalist Perspective 
 3 Marxian Theory of Rent 
 4 International Oil Relations, Pricing and Rent Formation 
 5 The New Latin American Left 
 6 The Venezuelan State 
 7 Social Property Relations 
 
List of Interviewees 
Bibliography 
Index

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For two centuries, multinational enterprises (MNEs) have arrived in waves on Australia's shores. Highly visible and influential household names among them -Ford, IBM, Kodak, Electrolux, ANZ - but also many smaller, lesser-known enterprises. Foreign MNEs in Australia today account for almost half of our top 2000 firms and control over A$1.4 trillion of assets. There is much we do not understand about these important institutions, why they chose to invest here, how they entered, and why some firms survived for long periods, but others exited.The history of MNEs, more than most topics, is inextricably connected to international experience. Across half a century of research, their history has emerged as a vibrant field of investigation in North America, Europe and, increasingly, Asia. MNE activity in Australia, briefly referenced in some of these studies, formed an important part of the global presence of many firms. This is the first history of foreign MNEs in twentieth-century Australia, filling a major gap in the economic and business history literature of Australia and of the history of international business globally. It integrates the important and distinctive Australian experience with an extensive international and comparative scholarship on big business and multinational enterprise.

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