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Elements of Paleontology

"This Element reviews the ecologies of skeletal trace-producing interactions on echinoids in modern ecosystems and the recognition of those biogenic traces in the fossil record. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core"--

Petsios E: The Ecology of Biotic
Interactions in Echinoids

The Ecology of Biotic Interactions in Echinoids

Modern Insights into Ancient Interactions

1. Introduction; 2. Predator; 3. Parasites and other symbionts; 4. Non-trace producing associations; 5. Evolutionary Trends; 6. Concluding remarks; References.

The extraxial-axial theory (EAT) and universal elemental homology (UEH) are often portrayed as mutually exclusive hypotheses of homology within pentaradiate Echinodermata. EAT describes homology upon the echinoderm bauplan, interpreted through early post-metamorphic growth and growth zones, dividing it into axial regions generally associated with elements of the ambulacral system and extraxial regions that are not. UEH describes the detailed construction of the axial skeleton, dividing it into homologous plates and plate series based on symmetry, early growth, and function. These hypotheses are not in conflict; the latter is rooted in refinement of the former. Some interpretive differences arise because many of the morphologies described from eleutherozoan development are difficult to reconcile with Paleozoic forms. Conversely, many elements described for Paleozoic taxa by UEH, such as the peristomial border plates, are absent in eleutherozoans. This Element recommends these two hypotheses be used together to generate a better understanding of homology across Echinodermata.

A Review and Evaluation of Homology Hypotheses in Echinoderm Paleobiology

Echinoderms have evolved diverse and disparate morphologies throughout the Phanerozoic. Among them, blastozoans, an extinct group of echinoderms that were an important component of Paleozoic marine ecosystems, are primarily subdivided into groups based on the morphology of respiratory structures. However, systematic and phylogenetic research from the past few decades have shown that respiratory structures in blastozoans are not group-defining and they have re-evolved throughout echinoderm evolution. This Element provides a review of the research involving blastozoan respiratory structures, along with research concerning the morphology, paleoecology, and ontogeny of each of the major groupings of blastozoans as it relates to their corresponding respiratory structures. Areas of future research in these groups are also highlighted.

A Review of Blastozoan Echinoderm Respiratory Structures

The echinoderms are an ideal group to understand evolution from a holistic, interdisciplinary framework. The genetic regulatory networks underpinning development in echinoderms are some of the best known for any model group. Additionally, the echinoderms have an excellent fossil record, elucidating in in detail the evolutionary changes underpinning morphological evolution. In this Element, the echinoderms are discussed as a model group for molecular palaeobiological studies, integrating what is known of their development, genomes, and fossil record. Together, these insights shed light on the molecular and morphological evolution underpinning the vast biodiversity of echinoderms, and the animal kingdom more generally.

Molecular Paleobiology of the Echinoderm Skeleton

Fossil crinoids are exceptionally suited to deep-time studies of community paleoecology and niche partitioning. By merging ecomorphological trait and phylogenetic data, this Element summarizes niche occupation and community paleoecology of crinoids from the Bromide fauna of Oklahoma (Sandbian, Upper Ordovician).

Niche Evolution and Phylogenetic Community Paleoecology of Late Ordovician Crinoids

This Element analyses the use of Instagram as a science education platform, using a paleontology-focused account as a case study.

Developing Metrics for Instagram as a Natural Science Communication Tool

Follow the Fossils

This Element introduces select destructive and non-destructive tomographic techniques that are routinely applied to fossils and reviews how this work has improved our understanding of the anatomy, function, taphonomy, and phylogeny of fossil echinoderms.

Tomographic Techniques For Studying Fossil Echinoderms

Virtual Paleontology

Skeletal Morphologies, Environmental Factors, and Preservation Pathways

The Taphonomy of Echinoids

This Element provides a hypothesis-driven look at testing models for diversification in Cambrian echinoderms.

A case study with Cambrian echinoderms

Testing Character Evolution Models in Phylogenetic Paleobiology

Crinoid Feeding Strategies: New Insights From Subsea Video And Time-Lapse

An ontogenetic series of Deltasuchus motherali helps clarify its niche and resolve a contested part of the crocodyliform family tree.

Revealing Ecomorphological Niche Partitioning and Appalachian Endemism in Cenomanian Crocodyliforms

Expanded Sampling Across Ontogeny in Deltasuchus motherali (Neosuchia, Crocodyliformes)

Phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) provide paleontologists with analaytical tools for investigating evolutionary tempo and mode in fossil lineages, but integrating them with fossil data can be challenging. This Element presents guides to applying PCMs with fossil taxa as well as example analayses illustrating common applications.

Phylogenetic Comparative Methods: A User's Guide for Paleontologists

Functional Micromorphology of the Echinoderm Skeleton

WILDGuides

WILDGuides of Britain & Europe

An authoritative photographic guide to Europe's spectacular Alpine floraEurope's Alpine Flowers covers the flowering plants and conifers that occur regularly on mountains and in Arctic areas north of a line that runs from the Pyrenees to Southern Romania. For many botanists-and gardeners-the alpine flora is the best it gets. There are many species adapted to a harsh climate of extreme winter cold and strong winds, including some of our most beautiful rock plants, such as gentians, saxifrages, and crocuses. These also include subtle and rare flowers that require care to discover and identify. With outstanding photographs and concise text that covers key features, this guide enables confident identification in the field. Covers the plants most likely to be seen above an elevation of 1,000 metres, concentrating on plants confined to high mountain areas of Europe and to the Arctic1,500 colour photographs illustrating almost 1,300 speciesConcise, descriptive species accounts including details of habitat, altitudinal range, flowering period, and distributionFeatures easy-to-use text with minimal botanical jargon and illustrations of essential biological termsWith sections on flower identification, the alpine and Arctic environments and their habitats, and the best places to see alpine flowersComprehensive index including synonyms

A Field Guide

Europe's Alpine Flowers

This book examines the process of landscape dialogue as a natural give and take with the environment, offering a series of practical steps and techniques that designers can use in understanding the landscape. Case studies from the US, Japan, China, Mexico, Turkey, and Peru explore the book's lessons in practice.

A New Approach to Site Analysis and Design

Landscape as Dialogue

Advances in Agronomy

Advances in Agronomy: Volume 191

Songs, barks, roars, hoots, squeals, and growls: exploring the mysteries of how animals communicate by sound

How and Why Animals Communicate

The Voices of Nature

Routledge Research in International Environmental Law

Producing enough food is a basic human priority and a critical challenge in the face of a growing population and the deteriorating ecological health of the planet. Modern agricultural practices promise to maximise the productive efficiency of available land but are one of the main drivers of agro- and biodiversity loss.

Advancing Agroecology in International Law

Advances in Plant Disease Management: Volume II: Strategic and Applied Research is an invaluable compilation for researchers/ students/ stakeholders/ policymakers in agriculture.

Strategic and Applied Research

Advances in Plant Disease Management Volume II

The Life of an Evolutionary Naturalist

Enchanted by Daphne

Princeton Science Library

The remarkable scientific story of how Earth became an oxygenated planet

A Four Billion Year History

Oxygen

"Over the past four billion years of Earth's history, three organisms-cyanobacteria, plants, and humans--have altered the planet in profound ways by harnessing the availability of five key elements. Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus are the most common elements in all forms of life on Earth, and all five circulate between the biotic and abiotic world in biogeochemical cycles. When organisms tap into stores of these elements and change these cycles, they change the atmosphere, climate, and, by extension, the trajectory of life on earth. In the first part of the book, Porder explains how cyanobacteria and plants harnessed critical elements and how their success in doing so was followed by environmental collapse in the form of ice ages. Porder then turns to human-caused climate change. He explores the dramatic ways humans have altered the cycles of these five essential elements and explains the profound effect our actions have on the planet. Porder concludes by exploring how we can reduce our impact on the Earth-both individually and societally-by reorienting ourselves toward recycling critical elements instead of extracting them from more and more obscure sources. Ultimately, understanding the role of element cycling is essential to understanding how humans came to be so successful and to putting us on a path to a sustainable future"--

How Five Elements Changed Earth’s Past and Will Shape Our Future

Elemental

The proposed book will compile the recent development and the updated overview about the Aflatoxigenic fungi and its impact on plant, animal and human health including various agricultural soil, food crops and advanced methods involved in the detection of Aflatoxigenic fungi.

Its Impact on Plant, Animal and Human Health

Aflatoxigenic Fungi

Elements in the Philosophy of Biology

Physarum polycephalum, a unicellular organism has gained attention as a model for studying cognitive abilities in organisms lacking nervous systems. This Element aims to demonstrate how Physarum can enrich the philosophy of biology by challenging conventional biological theories and refining key concepts through its behaviors and capabilities.

Slime Mould and Philosophy

Emergent Environmental Pollution

Properties, Translocation, and Remediation

Emerging Organic Contaminants in Soil

The Ecology of Biotic Interactions in Echinoids

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