For centuries, Western scholars portrayed China either as a land of superior morality, economy, and governance or as a formidable country of pagans posing a global threat to Western values. Idealized images of China were used to shame rulers for incompetence, while China was demonized as an external threat to cover domestic political failures. In the twentieth century, the geopolitics of global capitalism have facilitated more nuanced perspectives, but the diversifying of knowledge about China is far from complete. In this thought-provoking study, Ho-fung Hung finds that both Western elites and China's authoritarian regime today continue to promote many orientalist stereotypes to advance their economic interests and political projects. He shows how big-picture historical, social and economic changes are inextricably linked to fluctuations in the realm of ideas. Only open debate can overcome the extremes of fantasy and fear.