This book brings to light a neglected program of cosmopolitan normativity in international law ¿ innate cosmopolitanism. Whilst liberal cosmopolitanism is organized around the abstract individual, and constitutional cosmopolitanism is organized around the achievement of a formal arrangement, innate cosmopolitanism, is organized around a naturally-occurring collective whole: comprising all of humanity at any point in time, and understood as a historical phenomenon capable of exhibiting a will, interests or ends of its own. As such, innate cosmopolitanism is, he argues, is the leitmotif of international law. The book thus brings to light an ill-appreciated stream of cosmopolitan normativity in international law, and subject it to critique.